Contemporary Human Geography

415 Pages·2015·239.308 MB·English

by  James M. Rubenstein

Contemporary
Human Geography
3e
Rubenstein
Earth at Night, City Lights
The Americas
Africa, Europe, and the Middle East
These images of Earth at night from NASA’s Suomi-NPP “Marble” series use a collection of satellite-based
observations, stitched together in a seamless mosaic of our planet. This view is based on instrumentation
that observes light emanating from the ground. Notice how strongly major cities show up in the image.
A00_RUBE9016_03_SE_IFC.indd 2 19/03/15 6:35 PM
The Americas
Africa, Europe, and the Middle East
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) NASA/GSFC
A00_RUBE9016_03_SE_IFC.indd 3 19/03/15 6:35 PM
4 Contents
So Many Options for Your
Human Geography Class!
Students today want options when it comes to their textbooks. Contemporary Human Geography gives students the
flexibility they desire, offering a wide range of formats for the book, and a large array of media and online learning
resources. Find a version of the book that works best for YOU!
Whether it’s on a laptop, tablet, smartphone, or other
wired mobile devices, Contemporary Human Geography
lets students access media and other tools for learning
human geography.
CONtEMpOrarY HuMaN GEOGrapHY
pLuS MaStEriNGGEOGrapHY witH etEXt
ISBN 0-134-00122-2/978-0-134-00122-7
Available at no additional charge with
MasteringGeography, the Pearson eText version of
Contemporary Human Geography, 3rd Edition gives
students access to the text whenever and wherever they are
online.
CONtEMpOrarY HuMaN GEOGrapHY
Features of Pearson eText:
bOOkS à La CartE
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ISBN 0-134-00117-6/978-0-134-00117-3
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ISBN 0-134-01591-6/978-0-134-01591-0
Contemporary Human Geography is available on the
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the print textbook, where students can subscribe to the perfect text for their courses. Select the chapters you need,
same content online and save up the 40% off the suggested in the sequence you want. Delete chapters you don’t use:
list price of the print text. students pay only for the materials chosen.
MaStEriNGGEOGrapHY StudENt StudY arEa
No matter the format, with each new copy of the text, students will receive full access to the Study Area in
, providing a wealth of Interactive Tutorials, Videos, Interactive Maps,
Animations, In the News readings, Flashcards, practice quizzes, and much more.
A00_RUBE9016_03_SE_IFC.indd 4 19/03/15 6:35 PM
A Contemporary Approach
Contemporary Human Geography is a highly visual,
modular springboard into essential human and cultural
geography concepts, designed for the modern student.
A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 1 26/11/14 5:30 PM
A Brief, Modular Introduction
The modular organization consists of
self-contained two-page spreads, a
clear presentation of core concepts
and data that give the instructor
flexibility when assigning material to
students.
2.1 KEY ISSUE 1 Where are people distributed?
Chapter 2 Population and Health
Population Concentrations 2.1.1.a EUROPE 2.1.1b EAST ASIA
Europe includes four dozen countries, ranging from Nearly one-fourth of the world’s people live in East Asia. The region, bordering
Monaco, with 1 square kilometer (0.7 square miles) and the Pacifi c Ocean, includes eastern China, the islands of Japan, the Korean
a population of 33,000, to Russia, the world’s largest peninsula, and the island of Taiwan. The People’s Republic of China is the
• Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions. country in land area when its Asian part is included. world’s most populous country and the fourth-largest country in land area. The
• Regions with harsh environments have relatively low populations. In contrast to the three Asian concentrations, three- Chinese population is clustered near the Pacifi c Coast and in several fertile river
fourths of Europe’s inhabitants live in cities, and fewer valleys that extend inland, though much of China’s interior is sparsely inhabited
Human beings are not distributed 2 2.1.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION than 10 percent are farmers. The highest population mountains and deserts. More than one-half of the people live in rural areas,
uniformly across Earth’s surface. World TEwasot -Athsiiard, Ss oouf tthh eA swiao, rSldo’us tinhheaasbti tAasniats, alinved iEnu frooupre r e(sgeieo ns— ccoonalcfi eenldtrsa otifo Gnes rimn Eaunryo apned a Bree lngeiuamr t,h aes mwaejlol ar sr ihveisrtso arincd wJahpearnee tshee ayn wdo Krok raesa nfasr maree rcsl. uInst sehreadrp i nc ounrbtraanst a, rmeaosr ea nthda wn othrkre aet -ifnoduurtshtrsi aol fo arl l
maps depict this distribution in several Figures 2.1.1a, 2.1.1b, 2.1.1c, and 2.1.1d). In addition to these capital cities such as London and Paris. service jobs.
ways: four regions, the largest population concentrations are in 2.1.1c SOUTH ASIA
• Population concentrations. Two-thirds eastern North America and western Africa. Nearly one-fourth of the world’s people live in South Asia,
orefg tihoen ws—orEldas’st iAnhsiaab, Sitoauntths lAivseia i,n S foouutrh east Pkielorsm1o,n0e0ste 0pr eanr dsq aubaorvee 8800°° 116600AA°°RRCCTTIICC1144 OO00°°CCEEAANN112200°° 110000°° 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 8800°° 110000°° 112200°°AARRCCTT11II44CC00 °°OOCCEEAA1166NN00°° 118800°° wSAwSSArrrsshhiiiii aaLLLiicc aaallhhiinnnvv kkkiieennaaasscc... aallTTTuullhhhooddeeennee gglllssaaa IIrrraannggg 11ddeee,,iisss55aattt00,, ccc0P0Poooaa--kknnnkkiiiicccllssooeeettmmaannnnnttteerrr,, aaattBBeetttaaiiirrooo nn((nnn99gg 00lloooaa00fffdd-- pppmmeeeeessiihhooollee,,ppp ))aa lllcceeennoo ddwwwrr rrttiiiiittthhddhhheeooiiin nn rrii ss ffSSSllrraaooooonnmmuuuddttt hhhoo ff
Asia, and Europe (Figure 2.1.1). The four 250–999 Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to
population concentrations occupy 25–249 the Bay of Bengal. Much of this area’s population
generally low-lying areas, with temperate 51––244 iasn cdo Gncaenngteras treivde arslo. Pnogp tuhlea tpiolani niss aolsf oth hee Ianvdiluys
climate and soil suitable for agriculture. below 1 concentrated near India’s two long coastlines—
Physical environments that are too dry, the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal
to the east. Like the Chinese, most people in South
too cold, too wet, or too mountainous Asia are farmers living in rural areas.
tend to have fewer inhabitants (Figures
• P2.o1p.2u alnatdi o2n.1 .c3a).rtogram. A cartogram 4400113°°6600 °°2.1.2 SPA1144R00°°SELY AATTLLAANNTTIICC 4400°°2A.r1o.1udn SdO 6U00T mHEillAioSnT p AeoSpIAle live in Southeast Asia,
depicts the size of countries according to PROEGPIUOLNASTED OOCCEEAANN TTRROOPPIICC OOFF CCAANNCCEERR mthoe sItnlyd ioann aa nsedr iPeasc oifif c is olacnedasn sth. Iantd loien beesitaw, weehnic h
1 2.1.3 POLAR population rather than land area, as is the Humans do not live 2200°° consists of 13,677 islands, is the world’s fourth-
REGION case with most maps (Figure 2.1.4). in large numbers PPAACCIIFFIICC most-populous country. The largest population
AGnregemnlaagnsdsalik, • Pboe pduivliadteiodn in ctlou ssetevresn. Trehgei ownosr, leda ccahn ieFning cvueirrroetsna im2n. 1ep.n2htays,s 2(isc.1ea.el2 b, 110000°° OOCCEEAANN cbthoyan mtc beoenreltor tanhtgiao ntno 1 its0h 0oe nm P thihlliileoip nisp lpianneedosp oclofe .Jn aStveaaivn,e irhnaihlg aihsbl aitnedds
c(Foignutarein 2in.1g.5 a)p. Tphroe xsimmaaltle sliyz e1 obfi ltlihoen A pseiao ple M2.1u.c2hc, oafn tdh e22 ..1l1a..2n2dda ) C.nOeaLrD th LeA NNoDrtSh 00°° AAOOTTLLCCAAEENNAATTNNIICC IIOONNCCDDEEIIAAAANNNN EEQQUUAATTOORR 00°°pcthloueps stueolrauettdiho eanal ocsnotegnrc nsee tnvipter raoatfli otrhinvese ,r Aa vsnaiadlln ep ymosp aauinnldalat ndiodenl, t kiasns a oalwsto n
regions shows the large number of the and South poles is perpetually as Indochina. As in China and South Asia, the
world’s inhabitants living there. groundc oisv peerermd wanitehn itclye foror ztehne 2200°° TTRROOPPIICC OOFF CCAAPPRRIICCOORRNN 2200°°Shoiguht hpeearscte Anstaiag ceo onfc peenotrpalteio wno isrk cinhgar aasc tfearrimzeedr sb iyn a
(permafrost). The polar regions 0 1,500 3,000 Miles rural areas.
are unsuitable for planting 0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers
KKUUIINNNNGGIITTDDEEOODDMM GGEERRMMAANNYY RRUUSSSSIIAA crsouprsv, iavne dth feew ex atnreimmael sc ocaldn. 4400°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 4400°°
FFRRAANNCCEE 2.1.2d DRY LANDS
UUNNMMIIEETTXXEEDDIICC SSOOTTAATTEESS IITTAALLYY EEGGYYPPTTTTUURRKKEEYY IIRRAAPPNNAAKKIISSTTAANN CCHHIINNAA SSKKOOOOUURRTTEEAAHHJJAAPPAANNhhiigghhL llalteeonhvvc2deeea.1 slltess .e2tq oohdbuffa p aWtppt rrrroiEemeercTcc, aemii ppLriiviiaAlttyeyaa N nttvaiiDeooelsrannSoyr,, 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° Aaswlauprraergptfaeaersocr p xettoooi.m oDp g auedrtolsraeeywtlry ifot ocs2n rr0go , f aeapplnrstemh ertcorhianeualngltgy t ch c looao sfcuv oEkledm ars rufetehffi e p’ sdce li oaeapnn ldte 8800°° 110000°° 112200°° 1144G00°°REENLAND1166G00°°ERMANY 1188F00IN°°LAND RUSSIA
P1IC1noo p 22auu15b.. 11lnc00ea..l0–a4t4toi r9rm woiPP9tne io 5lmOOsl0ig oi wPPlmnrlia oiUUialtmnlnihLLod, n AA apcbTTBBoooRRvIIpuAAOOeunZZNNltIIaLLri teCCTpihrooseAAp nsoaizrRRsetri oo eTT21onf ae 0 mOOldva tcmoehii GGl sinitlrsliaOOp loNNtpRRi1iFFonoolIIDD pan0TTnGGAAu EEiHHysl0EEaMMMMEEetRR i ..omCC dIIRRnAAAAOOSS.EE OOFFNNiPPblRRUU..GGEElIIyiTTTTCCOOoHH HHAAsnIIOOiz TTPPaeAAIIAArNN eoZZ AAfl aNNpbIIAAoepleudla.tion rIIaNNtDDhIIeAAr tBBhAAaNNnGG LLlaAAMMnDDYYdEEAASSTTNN aHHHHMMrAAAAeIILLRRaAAVVII.NNIINN EEDDTTDDNNAAOOMMNNPPHHEEIISSLLIIIIPPAAPPIINNEESS nnuuptcttthshohrrotuiiuaepeeemTmhnes nnuheH ebpdhtltaebqaassoi, ni n mt euntshwffe arrn aodriiooodegatntoceimmuo,pvohh wcreenrisneoud )s rttt,s casp,p hhlao wtyposgae ieef onmivr hdtct rimi sseacaieoeroaooerbuirpneneuliieglllllly. det n ehiaaaTua o ,tat nnnfihg2raaegonteddd.erin s1hrsnl.ia oc .d-2astuaw crsihllen ttp Hili u gatmatuIrthhrGeidsote eeuHier selwld ye p pLe dovsloAsaaeer slttn(tdNesintosi laDbeaeenuradllSseeysr.. scDuwuasromreyvrf lluied3EiaiCavnnllpan’e Lss ht2ct,p dUo otha.ht1rhs hbiiSop . lse5oc aixT ret rfiofte ia e oEPm gtnsan hpRebOurttaeelarsSyretPv e .i eans—reU eladc ysnivoLa. ns1aepinAon tnbttuTtgea aicrIl idablaOnliu lonlst yNsro nie,tm e mstrhoasuleu sc r,c hcsleu iomscf h at thaees. AUSTRALIA GUCCAAOTNMEZSUSCAMETETNOANADAXAIL LEATTRILOCAWEEAIBCOMNDSOADBLPIICAVEHRIAIULECAURVBGAEBENRNAETZZINUIKLAEINLUFAGNRDIATONEMMSDCDOPEEARMION.C RCAESOIPLNTA.AGA TUICNGNELUDOMAYREGRINRMIA OAKAIGLAIELRBIOYAAIABIARLUIBSYSAIIERAGIARYYNAEPMQTSEUKNKEDANMPEAZAYTANAAKHDKIISHAOTGSPATIIAINNANASDNDCIIAACARHTMIHSNBRMANOAAIIE ANLNLLPALAGGAAANNOOLLYMDAKLSSYIADIAAAENCSMHHIINANDRACOHNINEVSAIIEAPTNHNKAISKLOOMOOIPRRURPEJTETIAANHAHPEASN
SOUTH AFRICA
36 37
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ii
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Visualizing Earth’s People & Places
Spectacular visualizations of people, places, and data bring human geography to life through photos,
maps, graphs, population pyramids, and charts.
Dynamic cartography maps the
critical spatial patterns of our human
geography.
2,423
Northeast SYRIA RUSSIA
15,897
123 PAKISTAN
19,929
59 153 Midwest 63 213
2.1 KEY ISSUE 1 Where are people distributed? 190 GEORGIA
Chapter 2 Population and Health 648
West 478 39 HAITI LIBYA
2,293
Population Concentrations 2.1.1.a EUROPE 2.1.1b EAST ASIA 244
Europe includes four dozen countries, ranging from Nearly one-fourth of the world’s people live in East Asia. The region, bordering
Monaco, with 1 square kilometer (0.7 square miles) and the Pacifi c Ocean, includes eastern China, the islands of Japan, the Korean 410
a population of 33,000, to Russia, the world’s largest peninsula, and the island of Taiwan. The People’s Republic of China is the 136
•• TRwegoi-othnisr dwsi tohf hthaers wh oernldvi’sr oinnhmaebnittasn htasv aer ere cllautsivteerley dlo iwn fpooupr urelagtiioonnss.. cIno uconntrtyra inst ltaon dth aer ethar weeh Aensi aitns cAosinacne pnatrrat tiiso innsc, ltuhdreeed-. wChoirnlde’sse m poosptu plaotpiounlo ius sc lcuosutenrterdy anneda rt hthee f oPuacrtifih c-l aCrogaesstt acnodu nint rsye ivne lraanl dfe artrielea .r Tivheer South 321 Y3E,M69E9N
Human beings are not distributed 2 2.1.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ftohuanrt h1s0 opfe Eruceronpt ea’sre i nfahrambeitrasn. Ttsh leiv hei ginh ceisttie pso, apnudla fteiowne r vmaolleuynst athinast aenxdte dneds einrltasn. Md,o trheo tuhgahn monuec-hh aolff Cohf itnhae’s p inetoepriloe rl iivse s pina rrsueralyl ainrehaasb, ited Migration flow in thousands 273 310 MALI 844 349 911
uniformly across Earth’s surface. World TEwasot -Athsiiard, Ss oouf tthh eA swiao, rSldo’us tinhheaasbti tAasniats, alinved iEnu frooupre r e(sgeieo ns— ccoonalcfi eenldtrsa otifo Gnes rimn Eaunryo apned a Bree lngeiuamr t,h aes mwaejlol ar sr ihveisrtso arincd wJahpearnee tshee ayn wdo Krok raesa nfasr maree rcsl. uInst sehreadrp i nc ounrbtraanst a, rmeaosr ea nthda wn othrkre aet -ifnoduurtshtrsi aol fo arl l of people, 2012–2013 CÔTE D’IVOIRE 1,541 SSUODUATNH MYANMAR 1,413
mw• aaPypossp: duelaptiicotn t hcios ndcisetnritbrauttiioonn si.n T sweov-etrhairl ds Ffeoiagusurt errerensg 2iNo.1on.r1st,a ht,h A2e.m1 l.a1erbrgi,ce 2as. t1a p.n1odcp, wauneladstt ie2or.n1n . 1cAodfn)r.i ccInea .natdradtiitoionns taore t hine se capital cities such as London and Paris. service jobs. 2N.1e.a1rcl yS oOnUeT-foHu ArtShI oAf the world’s people live in South Asia, 00 1,0001,0002,000 Kilomet2e,r0s00 Miles NIGERIA DEM2.3 R8EP. CONGO THAILAND
orefg tihoen ws—orEldas’st iAnhsiaab, Sitoauntths lAivseia i,n S foouutrh east Pkielorsm1o,n0e0ste 0pr eanr dsq aubaorvee 8800°° 116600AA°°RRCCTTIICC1144 OO00°°CCEEAANN112200°° 110000°° 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 8800°° 110000°° 112200°°AARRCCTT11II44CC00 °°OOCCEEAA1166NN00°° 118800°° wSAwSSArrrsshhiiiii aaLLLiicc aaallhhiinnnvv kkkiieennaaasscc... aallTTTuullhhhooddeeennee gglllssaaa IIrrraannggg 11ddeee,,iisss55aattt00,, ccc00PPoooaa--kknnnkkiiiicccllssooeeettmmaannnnnttteerrr,, aaattBBeetttaaiiirrooo nn((nnn99gg 00lloooaa00fffdd-- pppmmeeeeessiihhooollee,,ppp ))aa lllcceeennoo ddwwwrr rrttiiiiittthhddhhheeooiiin nn rrii ss ffSSSllrraaooooonnmmuuuddttt hhhoo ff
Asia, and Europe (Figure 2.1.1). The four 250–999 Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to
population concentrations occupy 25–249 the Bay of Bengal. Much of this area’s population Graphs & illustrations
gcleimneartael layn lodw so-liyl isnugit aarbelaes f, owr iathg rtiecmultpuerrea. te 51b––el24o4w 1 iacson cndoc Gnecanentnrgatetreas dtrei vndee araslor. PInnogdp ituah’lsea ttpwiolaoni nlioss n aoglsf otch oheae sIantvldiinluyes s — illustrate the latest trends
Physical environments that are too dry, the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal
to the east. Like the Chinese, most people in South and fundamental processes
too cold, too wet, or too mountainous Asia are farmers living in rural areas. mUltiple nUClei in pietermaritzbUrg,
tend to have fewer inhabitants (Figures driving our human geography.
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UUNNP1IC1MMnoIIoEETT p 22aXXEEuu15b..DD II11lncCC00ea ..l0–SSaOO4t4toi rTT9rm woiAAPP9tne iTTo 5lmOOslEE0ig oSSi wPPlmnrlia oiUUialtmnlnihLLod,n AA apcbTTBBoooRRvIIpuAAOOeunZZNNltIIKKaLLrUUIINNi teNNCCTpiGGhroIIoseTTDDFFAAp nEEsRRoOOaiDDzrAARRsetMMriNN oo eTT21onfc(rwCC ae 0 FeEEmOOldvao tcmoehioiigGG GGl gsinnitlrEEsliaOOpr lioNNRRtpRRi1uIIiFFtolonooTTMMlIIDD dpanAA0aTTnGGAAuAAr EEniLLHHysl0EEYYaeMMNNi’MMEEsetnRR iYYs ..omCC d IIRRn 2AAAAOOSSii.EEs nnOOFFNNiPPbEE.lRRhUU..GGGGEE1lIIghyiTTTTCCOOYYooHH HH.AAPPTTs5a nIITTUURROOaiwzRR bUU)TTPPapeKKAA.IISS AArEEisNN TSSeYYtopZZ IIa hAAAAtflr aNNhnpoebIIAAIIoetRR xeAAsps lPPiNNeml umAAaldKKliarv.IIaaSStgiiTTlntoAAlee nNNgs l niry IIzatNNu teh1DDhm IIe eAAobrr bfetiBB lhAAtel.aihNNornGG e noLLl aAAMMA fnDDp YYtdsEEAAehSSTTNN iaaHHHHMMoerAACC AAeIIp HHLLRRaAAVVIIIIl.NNNNIINN EEeDDAATTDDNN AAOOMMNNPPM2HHEE.1(uaIIpSSLLg.nc2SSKKIIIIerPPOOhOOcdAAorPPUUcRR, m a uIIoTTEESraNNAAHHrsonfoneaEEu pdtSSufJJ dcrhurAAs vto oie,nPP2hs i2svAAav .s .1tlpeNNpne1auhh)nn.e.r. 2nod iii2etTtuuggrdhpdl aamdthcefttthhhs h)eebo hrroLC set.nu wiiaw uaepl llaleeem etOTeeeeiomnphnsesnh nnuix h avveHtc ae2eobfLpddpehthtltaeeroebaqan.nrassolDi , 1 seni all en ttrmet eunitissshtw .ffeh cemrr2 tm alpq rrn aodrpL yioohideoeoodbregatntulo aceeAeei affa mmuo, fpvohohNp aWwclrrgtnt eppseNnroiscnuret ourod ) istrrr orittooctz,Est aceaismpeDe,p rhhlao nehwatrylnposlgtcTcc,ade ileef Sghnn oenmayesimviir hdt c.t pprLi rmi ssieacaieoerivoiiaooaAlerbttuirypeneneulyaaiiegll lNll 22ly.44 d etntt nv e00h00ai00aaaTuiia o°°°° D,°°eooetatl nnnfihg2rsaaegonratnneSdddo.eryin s1hrrsnl.,,ia oc .d-2astuaw crsihllen ttp Hili u gatmatuIrthhrGeidsote eeuHier s88elwld ye00 p p°°Le dovsloAsaaeer slttn(tdNesintosi laDbeaeenuradllSseeysr.. 6600°° 4400°° AAOOTTLLCCAA22EE00NN°°AATTNNIICC2AaswlscDuwauua.psr1rroaemrre00gyp.t°°vf2raf eaelrluided3EiaiCsoavcr nn l plpa n’exe LtDss t ht2coto,poi d.Uo mot ha.RhtoD1p rhs hbgiiSop .Y l saue5oec dairxT rett olrfisofter Liaae e oEPem ygwtnsatnlA 22hpryR eibOur00tfotta °°eeoNlacrssSy2retnPv e .i rr e0ansDg—or e,U felad c aeyasppSnivoLa.l nnsrste1aempinAh eonr ttnbttcuorhTtgiea anaeicruaIl idlabnglaOnll44tgiuy l00o nlt st c°°yh Ncsr o nliooe,taom es mfscutv orhoaEklesudm00leu a rssc rr,ufec thceshffil eu ie pom’ sscdce66f 00hli a oa1e°°ta, t5hpnna0 e0esldt.e 1,500388,0000°°IIOO0NN KiAlCCoDDUmEEeStIIeTAAAArsRNNNNATTLRRI3A,OO0110PP000II00 CCM°° iOOleGFFs UCCCAACAAPPOTRRNMEZSIIUSCCCAMETEOOTNOANADAXARRIL LEANNTTRILOCAW11EEAIBCO22MNDS00OAD°°BLPIICAVEHRIAIULECAURVBG11AEB44EG00NRNEE°°RQQAETEUUZZIENAAUIKNTTLAEOOILNLRRUAFAGNRNDIADTONEMMSDC11DOPE66EAGR00M°°IEONR.C RMCAESOA22IPLNTA0000N.AGA °°°°TUICNGNYELpctaShrUDOMAYREuGhRlsoIiNoRMIAu OgAKAr eIGuLIpAIaELsRnBh11 IOYAtst88AlFuI Ad h00eIoBapN°°lIroeaurALeeReAt44LactUrd00iINahBshoc°°SDY stSeeianA .nIIAERAnal oGIAacRYsstYN.noAEati PaMeAQggnT SrEscec UKnNKs oEeD iAe noNMPtEAnnZAviYT fANApcCAKt HeDKprIe IShrHAaOoeTanGSPtiAfonlTIiIAtI NN AoNAtrrSpaDhNaDinCv IlItAaAeCeAseiRHno ,T r AwMIHSa NdnBvRMANsOnAAoR I aIiE ANSiLNLUadLsPrlALAGoGASlAkn ANeNOcSOpLLuiYM IDAKnyLhSAmSotYIADIsAgahAApE aNra CS auaAiMHHnnIsclINsANda ltDiaRfAtae CaOndiH,orr NidemtIzNnEhVl,SeA tI eeIEkiaAdsPTrn sNH sab oNKAI SKaLilOOMOyOwnsItPRRUo RP aEJnTETI AANH AH PEASN 00 10 5020Sgptilvau301 e0 cM0 eFnteeee rtsan asinnedng s apep hopoflfa irSDtmehisrlee ebocdetupsdioii nlandgn soindf gs Number of jobs (millions)8642000001975 1980 1985 19Y9e0ar 1995 2000 2005 2010 SPBERuCIsMOiLRWMCAPFIUTnnNeiroreAgtneaafhoiintDroRslsannafoiisursAectYnusiltm iulresp RcrsfeeSsulasieoasYt aiEaccaorurt lCltttvSinnreouiaTieEodancrtO Cn liieahnoRTnsognOdsR pmitianliintyg EminpIdHalnoouremydsamterilsiaaeannlndt /boundaryBlaBclkack CCBBBDDuffer stHriigpChowloauy r(teradWnsport barrhier)ite
SOUTH AFRICA
36 37 examples of human
geography in action.
CHG3_CH02_FINAL.indd 4-5 21/11/14 12:12 PM
iii
A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 3 26/11/14 5:31 PM
KEy ISSuE 4 How are resources protected?
Chapter 14 Resource Issues
Looking to the Future ARCTIC
OCEAN
What will it take for the world to reduce
pollution and fossil fuel dependency in the
years ahead (Figure 14.11.4)? According ATLANTIC
OCEAN
to the United Nations, strategies will vary PACIFIC
PACIFIC
among countries. The U.S. scientists working OCEAN OCEAN
with the UN offered a strategy with three
key elements (Figure 14.11.5): Per capita INDIAN
CO2 emissions OCEAN
•Sharp decrease in the use of the three (metric tons)
ATLANTIC
fossil fuels. 2.00 and above OCEAN 0 1,500 3,000 Miles
1.00–1.99
•Increase in the use of renewable energy. 0.25–0.99 1 14.11.3 co emIssIons0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers
2
•Use of carbon capture and storage below 0.25 peR capITa
2010 target
(CCS), which involves capturing waste (quad BTUs)
(a)Share of world CO2 emissions 2.9
CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and North America 2% 5% 12..34
5date.mp5oosspithinegr ei,t nwohremreaK lliEyt wyun ilIdls ensrogutr oeEun nt3ed r . tHheo w do laESuonurotphge Paucifiac ges4 4%v%a5%ry am1o9%ng places?23.4 (2q0u5a0d t BarTgUest)
The principal impact on the average Russia 7% 13% 9.6
East Asia 7.2
AApmerpican lwoyuldi ben religance otn ehlectriecity ToSouoth Asia ls of Geography
for nearly all househDold aictsivitites randi butiSooutheast nAsia of33 %Di6%al2%ec31.t5 s 15.8
transportation. This electricity would be Central Asia
generated almost exclusively through sources Southwest Asia 6.7
New features of the Third Edition of Contemporaanrdy No rHth uAfrmicaan(b )GShearoe ogf wroarlpd phopyul aftiaoncilitate a more active learning
other than the thre•e Dfoisasille fcutesls .a re regional varSiuab-Staihaorann Asfri caof languages. 12.0
experAiesn hcaer,d e ams ipt owwil•el rbDieni gafo lsre ttcuhtdes eU cnnatisnte t ddo Si sfftateoterps ,i np rvaoctcLiaactienb A,mu aerlnicaadr ya,p spplye ltlhi8n%eigr5 %,u an8n%dder ps1%tr2a%onnduinngc1 9ti.ah7troioung.h deb3.8ate,
resetaor crehd,u vciesu itasl caanrabloyns isfo, omtporibnitle, t hmee cdhiaal,l einntgeer active mapping, 1a3n%d virtual tours of Earth’s human g6.6eography.
is even greater for dAe vdeiloapleincgt ciso au nrterigeiso, nal variation of a la6n%guage distinguished Rbenyew dabliesstinctiNvateura lv gaos wcitah bCCSulary,
22%
especially China, whspicehl liisn ngo, wan tdhe p wroonrludn’s ciation. Gene1r%ally, speakers of one dialecNutc lecaran undePetrrsoletuamnd speakers
9%
Biomass Coal
leaNdiEnWg !m Daenbuaftaec Ittu freioantfgu arcenoso u ptnrhetrseyern (tds teiwaelo eD sciedtb.e aGs toeef o ag cro1am p1p4h.l1ee1x.4r t sco oapri ce, ien sap tewcoi-aclol2yl5u% minnt erested in differences in dialects
2 Natural gas Coal with CCS
IItn tfepDerraeontbu avartstie.eo c naIotna ncld a fco nFor bmiogepau uter,se rteasod t 1ei oan4sng. 1h aa1ogn.me6d es atcwnuooddore kr1nd, 4tgis.nr 1ioan1ut .ai7poc) nwt.i v oer kd, eoep(bamro) a dpSItsiheussa claIrouaen TsnodsIfso i doC anOennc s Diesem icoitnsiso-iomnnsas. kbiyn rge.g ion bfeeact1eaum 1urI4se.s1sse1I. o5 ot nuhfsn et RThyeae DRr uegeceflnTTev IfociorntoR Id ncnoi Tms2ht ieen ncttsiv ien
will be required to reduce global pollution. 2
NNoorrtthh CCeennttrraall (b) Share of populatiWWon.. NN beewwy reEEg.. iNNoneeww whuicnhIT egDr osTuapTess live.
EEnnggllaanndd EEnnggllaanndd
debate it Is sustainable development impeIInnrllaaanntddive or unnecesTshaer yd?istribution of dialects is
TThhee NNoorrtthh NNoorrtthh documented through the study
IInnllaanndd NNoorrtthh NCNCiieettyyww YYoorrkk
Supporters maintain that sustainability is vital to humanity’s future, while somWWe.. cPPraait..icsMM aiiddrg--AAuttellaa tnnhttiiacct humans of particular words. Every word
should not bother TTwhhiteeh WW meeassktting our daily lives more sustainableSStt.. LLoouuiiss that is not used nationally has
TThhee MMiiddllaanndd CCoorrrriiddoorr
some geographic extent within
SUSTAINABLE ACTIONS ARE IMPORTANT SUSTAINABLE ACTIONS ARE IMPOSSIBLE OR
3 Humans have an obligation as stewards of the Earth to IISSnnooUllaauunnttNhhddNECESSARy the country and therefore has
conserve and preserve it for future generations. 3 It is too late to discuss sustainabbloe duenvedloaprmieenst., bSeucacuhse ath ew woorrldd -usage
TThhee SSoouutthh CChhaarrlleessttoonn
3 A disproportionately large share of Earth’s resources is being has already surpassed its sustaibnaobule nledveal, racyc,o krdninogw to nth ea Ws oarlnd isogloss,
TTeexxaass SSoouutthh Wildlife Fund (WWF).
Noruthseerdn by a small percentage of people, who by reducing their
Weustseern could have a 3 Humans are currently using 13 can be constructed for each
Midllaarngdes impact on bilFFlillooonrrii ddhaaectares of Earth’s land word. Although every word has a
the conservation of area, but Earth has only 11.4
Southeastern unique isogloss, boundary lines of
resources. billion hectares of biologically
1 53.5 . 1R uen.se.w DaibaleL eCts pWroWdFu, scoti vheu lmanadn,s a hccaoverd ninogn eto le fdt ifferent words coalesce in some
substitutes for locations to form regions.
Dialneoncrtense winab tleh e United States to conserve for future growth.
resources are 3 Earth’s resources have no
Majoarv adilaifbflee,r beunt ces in U.S. dialects originated because absTohluetes leim hit baevceau bsee tehen joined by a fourth that developed in
of dipfefeoprelen mcuesst minak ed ialects among the original settlers defithnietio Wn oef wsth a(tF isi ga urerseou 5rc.e5 .1).
an effort to choose changes dramatically and
along the Atlantic Coast colonies. The settlements Many words that were once regionally distinctive
them. 3 14.11.6 gIR naTIonal paRk, chIna unpredictably over time. 1 14.11.7 aIR polluTIon, beIjIng
can be grouped into three principal dialect are now national in distribution. Electronic and social
regions: Northern (or New England), Midlands, and media influence the adoption of the same words
Southeastern. The national diffusion of distinctive throughout the country. Nonetheless, regional dia3le5c1t
diaNleEcWts! iRse ase raerscuhl &t oRfe fltheec tw feeastutwreas rcdo nmneocvt esmtudeennt tso of nline to doriifgfeinrael ndcaetas spouerrcseiss tv iian the United States (see Research &
colQoRn ilisntkss ,f rwohmer et hthee tyh erxeaem Einaes dt aCtao aansdt dreisapleocntd rteog ciroitnicsa.l thinkiRnge flqeucets tfioenast.ure and Figure 5.5.2).
research
M14_RUBE9016_03_SE_CH14.indd 25 26/11/14 5:26 PM
What is your dialect?
& Reflect
Do you have a strong regional dialect? Take a quiz to determine your
regional dialect. The quiz was constructed by a New York Times reporter,
based on the Dialect Survey project undertaken at Harvard by Professors
Bert Vaux and Scott Golder. Go to nytimes.com and search for either
“Harvard Dialect Survey Quiz” or the article “How Y’all, Youse and You
Guys.” An example is the word used to identify a carbonated soft drink
(Figure 5.5.2).
1. Did the quiz accurately identify where you are from?
2. Were any indicators of dialect especially
important in identifying 3 5.5.2 u.s. DiaLeCts
your distinctive use of What to call a soft drink
language? Why or Generic names for soft drinks
why not? Pop Soda no data
Coke Other
http://goo.gl/0zP6pL
iv
118
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A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 4 26/11/14 5:31 PM
4.2 KEY ISSUE 1 How are folk and popular leisure activities distributed? NEW! Observe & Interpret features are included throughout the modules,
Chapter 4 Folk and Popular Culture
enabling students to perform critical visual and data analysis as they read.
Origin and Diff usion of Folk OBSERVE
Music “maps” at diff erent scales
& interpret
& Popular Music
The Landscape of Music project, created
by Yifan Hu, a researcher at AT&T Labs,
depicts popular music as a world map,
• Folk music has unknown origins derived from the local environment. with diff erent types of popular music
represented as countries and musicians
• Popular music is created by an individual or group in order to sell it. as places within the countries (Figure
4.2.3). “Countries” that are closer to each
Every culture in human history has had some tradition of music, argues music other have relatively similar musical styles.
researcher Daniel Levitan (Figure 4.2.1). As music is a part of both folk and popular The most important musicians in each
style are represented on the “world” map;
culture traditions, it can be used to illustrate the diff erences in the origin, diff usion, and the larger the size of the type, the more
distribution of folk and popular culture. important the musician. Zooming in on a
portion of the map reveals less important
Folk Music musicians within individual “countries.”
Find one of your favorite
1 4.2.1 FOLK According to a Chinese legend, folk planted in summer and seeds planted in musicians.
10.7 KEY ISSUE MS3O U U S HTICHo: GwU LisL AaHg,ricumthltueu sEricem wdpiaessrto riirnb vHueutneatdend?g iTni 2se6n97t LBin.Cg. ,L wunh eton wMinate rc:hiêm ba thán8g k.h1ôn0g già KEY ISSUE 4 How do states interact with each other? 1 . Wcohnasti doethreedr ppearrtfo orfm theers s aarme e Chapter 8 Political Geography
CAROLINA cut bamboo poles that would produce a Ma Mùa tháng ruôi a˘´t la´không non1 Chapter 10 Food & Agriculture “country”?
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00F°°ish11 p66r00o°°ductio11n4400°° 112200°° 110000°° AAOOTTLLCCAAEENNAATTNNIICC IIOONNCCDDEEIIAAAANNNN EEQQUUAATTOORR 00°° Tinchtooer pethfofere acwtti ooornfl d’sth’ she woseme aaelc tchtiooieunsnst tmhryaa.s r kbeete.n to turn Europe 34.. W Whhaicth d cido itnh de op eyooup lfie n ndo m loonsgt eart tarlaivceti vdeo oinr athpep epaalsint?g? Why? http://goo.gl/vl2kzs 1 8.10.4 EURO
(metric tons) 2200°° 2200°° 200 201
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1B0e0lo,0w0 100–09,9090,0999 4400°° 00 1,5001,5030,000 Kilom3e,t0e0rs0 Miles 4400°° CHG3_CH08_FINAL.indd 22-23 1 10.7.7 KASSIOPI, CORFU, GREECE 21/v11/14 10:51 AM
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8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 8800°° 110000°° 112200°° 114400°° 116600°° 118800°°
246 247
CHG3_CH10_FINAL.indd 16-17 22/11/14 5:19 PM
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Continuous Learning Before,
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vi
A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 6 26/11/14 5:31 PM