Colonial America: A History to 1763

623 Pages·2011·11.209 MB·English

by  Middleton, C Richard;Lombard, Anne

C
Richard Middleton
“The Middleton–Lombard text provides a superb introduction to the
complex history of colonial America. Its prose, coverage, organization, maps,
and Anne Lombard
and illustrations attest to the careful attention to detail which the subject
o
deserves.”
Joyce Appleby, University of California, Los Angeles l
o
“This new edition brings the classic survey text in colonial American history
abreast of the latest scholarship without sacrifi cing any of the earlier versions’
n
coherence, clarity, and accessibility. A superb overview.”
Fred Anderson, University of Colorado, Boulder
i
a
The story of how the 13 North American colonies established by Great Britain went on to form the
nucleus of the United States is both fascinating and complex. Since its initial publication in 1992,
Colonial America has garnered wide acclaim for its accessibility and well-balanced approach in revealing
l
the myriad infl uences that shaped early American history to a wide audience. The fourth edition is
certain to enhance its sterling reputation as the standard textbook for students of this seminal period of
American history. A
Fully updated and revised to refl ect the most recent scholarship, the fourth edition features extensive
new coverage of the simultaneous development of French, Spanish, and Dutch colonies in North
America. Other additions include enhanced coverage of the English colony of Barbados and trans- m
Atlantic infl uences on colonial development, as well as rewritten and updated chapters on families
and women. More focused attention is also given to the perspectives of Native Americans and their
important infl uences in shaping the history and development of the colonies.
e
With its continued in-depth coverage of the background, founding, and development of the 13 English
North American colonies, Colonial America: A History to 1763, Fourth Edition offers the most complete
r Colonial
portrait of the diverse people, events, and infl uences that lead to the creation of the United States.
i
c
RICHARD MIDDLETON was for many years head of the American Studies department at Queen’s
University, Belfast. He is the author of several books, including The Bells of Victory: The Pitt–Newcastle a
Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years’ War, 1757–1762 (1985) and Pontiac’s War: Its Causes, Course
America
and Consequences, 1763–1765 (2007). Now retired, Middleton is currently working on a book about the
American War of Independence.
a
nM
ANNE LOMBARD is Associate Professor of History at California State University, San Marcos. d
i
She is the author of Making Manhood: Growing Up Male in Colonial New England (2003). Her current d
L
research examines riots and other forms of collective violence by white men in British America during od
l
the eighteenth century. me 1763
bt A History to
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Cover image: Detail from the Southeast Prospect of the City of Philadelphia, d
by Peter Cooper, circa 1720. The Library Company of Philadelphia.
Fourth Edition
Fourth Edition
Cover design by Simon Levy

Colonial
America

R M
ICHARD IDDLETON
A L
AND NNE OMBARD
Colonial
America
A History to 1763
F E
OURTH DITION
Thisfourtheditionfirstpublished2011
(cid:1)2011RichardMiddletonandAnneLombard
Editionhistory:BlackwellPublishing(1e,1992;2e,2001;3e,2002)
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Middleton,Richard,1941–
ColonialAmerica:ahistoryto1763/RichardMiddletonandAnneLombard.–4thed.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-4051-9004-6(pbk.:alk.paper)
1.UnitedStates–History–Colonialperiod,ca.1600-1775.I.Lombard,AnneS.II.Title.
E188.M522012
973.2–dc22
2010047220
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Thisbookispublishedinthefollowingelectronicformats:ePDFs[ISBN9781444396270];
ePub[ISBN9781444396287]
Setin10/12.5ptGalliardbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
4 2011
Contents
Listof Figures ix
Listof Maps xi
Listof Documents xii
Preface to theFourthEdition xiii
Acknowledgments xvi
PART I Old and New Worlds Meet 1
1 ThePeoplesof Eastern North America: Societiesin Transition 3
1 America Before Columbus andthe Problem of History 4
2 TheAmericas inAncient Times 5
3 TheEastern Woodlands, 1000–1300 9
4 EasternWoodlands Societies inTransition, 1300–1500 20
5 Earliest Contactswith Europeans 22
2 TheAge of European Exploration 27
1 Western Europe,1300–1450 28
2 ThePortuguese in Africa 30
3 SpainEncounters the New World 32
4 Sixteenth-Century European Competitors 39
5 England: TheElizabethan Prelude 41
PART II The Seventeenth-Century Settlements 51
3 TheEnglish Conquer Virginia,1607–1660 53
1 Virginia Beforethe English 54
2 TheVirginia Company:Early Settlement 55
3 TheCharter of Liberties 64
4 TheMassacreof 1622 and Fall of the Company 69
5 Growthand Consolidation,1625–1660 72
vi Contents
4 TheConquestContinues: New England,1620–1660 78
1 New England Beforethe English 79
2 ThePilgrims 80
3 Massachusetts:A City on the Hill 84
4 Establishing andDefending Order 91
5 Challengesfrom England 101
6 Stable Societies 103
5 Diverse Colonies:New France,New Netherland, Maryland,
and the West Indies 106
1 New France 108
2 New Netherland and Delaware: The Dutch and Swedish Beginnings 113
3 Maryland: A CatholicProprietary 120
4 English Colonies inthe West Indies 128
6 TheRestoration Era 134
1 TheReturn of CharlesII 135
2 Mercantilism: The Navigation Laws 138
3 New York Becomesan EnglishColony 140
4 TheCarolinas: Early Settlement 148
7 TheLater Years of CharlesII 156
1 Virginia: Bacon’sRebellion and Its Aftermath 157
2 Massachusetts:The StruggletoRemainSelf-Governing 167
3 New Jerseyand Pennsylvania:TheBeginnings 173
8 JamesII and the Glorious Revolution 181
1 TheDominion of New England 182
2 Massachusetts Reclaims Control 186
3 New York:Leisler’s Rebellion 189
4 Maryland 194
5 Aftermath 196
9 TheEras of William and Mary,and Queen Anne 200
1 William and Mary’sColonialPolicy 201
2 TheSalem WitchcraftTrials 203
3 Waron the Northern Frontier,1689–1713 213
4 Warand Political Change in the Carolinas 217
5 Proprietary Problems in Pennsylvania and NewJersey 222
PART III The Eighteenth-Century Provinces
in a Changing Continent 227
10 TheEconomy andLabor System in British NorthAmerica 229
1 TheBritish Atlantic Economy 230
Contents vii
2 TheSouthernPlantation System 232
3 Northern Farming and Commerce 240
4 TheMercantilist System 246
5 Moneyand Taxation 251
6 TheStandardofLiving: Povertyand Prosperity 255
11 SettlerFamilies and Society 260
1 New WorldFamilies 261
2 Children 267
3 Patriarchal Authority 272
4 Social Structure: Rank andClass 278
12 WhiteWomenand Gender 284
1 Gender andthe SettlerExperiencein the Seventeenth Century 285
2 Regional Variations 289
3 Gender in a CommercializingCulture: TheEighteenth-
Century Refined Lady 296
4 Gender in a CommercializingCulture: Middling and
Working White Women 300
13 BritishNorth American Religion, Education, and
Culture, 1689–1760 308
1 Religion 309
2 Education 318
3 TheAnglicization of Taste 324
4 Libraries, Literature, andthe Press 326
5 Scienceand the Arts 329
6 Popular Culture 332
14 Slavery and the African AmericanExperience, 1689–1760 335
1 Slavery: An Evolving Institution 336
2 Slaves’ Experiences 341
3 TheAfricanAmerican Family 352
4 African American Culture 355
5 Free African Americans 359
6 Resistance to Slavery 362
15 Expanding Spanish andFrench Empires in North America 367
1 Florida 369
2 New Mexico 375
3 TheGrowth of New France 380
4 TheFrench Upper Country, orPays d’en Haut 384
5 Louisiana 389
6 Texas 394
7 Significance for the British Colonies 396
viii Contents
16 Native American Societiesand Cultures, 1689–1760 397
1 Native American Societiesin the Eighteenth Century 399
2 TheNationsof the Northern Frontier 402
3 TheNationsof the Southern Frontier 416
4 Adaptation or Decline? 424
17 Immigration and Expansion inBritish North America, 1714–1750 427
1 TheGermans and Scots-Irish 428
2 TheFounding of Georgia 438
3 TheUrban Frontier 441
18 British North American Institutions of Government 447
1 TheRoyalFramework 449
2 Local Government: Town Meeting andCounty Court 450
3 TheProvincial Assembly:Crown versus People 453
4 Partiesand Factions in the Age ofWalpole 466
5 Toward a RepublicanIdeology 470
19 Britain, France, andSpain: TheImperialContest, 1739–1763 473
1 TheWar of Jenkins’Ear 474
2 TheStruggle for the Ohio 477
3 TheConquest of Canada 489
4 TheWar’sConsequences 499
Selected Bibliography 507
Index 573