Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment

753 Pages·2007·9.75 MB·English

by  Timothy C. Marrs

SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February26,2007 15:8 CharCount=
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
TOXICOLOGY AND TREATMENT
SECOND EDITION
Editors
TimothyC.Marrs,OBEMDDScFRCPFRCPath
EdentoxAssociates,Edenbridge,Kent,UK
NationalPoisonsInformationServiceBirminghamCentre,CityHospital,Birmingham,UK
UniversityofCentralLancashire,Preston,UK
RobertL.Maynard,CBEFRCPFRCPath
HealthProtectionAgency,Chilton,UK
FrederickR.SidellMD
InstituteofChemicalDefense,AberdeenProvingGround,Maryland,USA
iii

SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February26,2007 15:8 CharCount=
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
TOXICOLOGY AND TREATMENT
SECOND EDITION
i
SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February26,2007 15:8 CharCount=
ii
SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February26,2007 15:8 CharCount=
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
TOXICOLOGY AND TREATMENT
SECOND EDITION
Editors
TimothyC.Marrs,OBEMDDScFRCPFRCPath
EdentoxAssociates,Edenbridge,Kent,UK
NationalPoisonsInformationServiceBirminghamCentre,CityHospital,Birmingham,UK
UniversityofCentralLancashire,Preston,UK
RobertL.Maynard,CBEFRCPFRCPath
HealthProtectionAgency,Chilton,UK
FrederickR.SidellMD
InstituteofChemicalDefense,AberdeenProvingGround,Maryland,USA
iii
SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February26,2007 15:8 CharCount=
Copyright(cid:2)C 2007 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
WestSussexPO198SQ,England
Telephone[phone]
Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected]
Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com
AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyform
orbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthetermsofthe
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,
90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.Requeststothe
PublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,
Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,[email protected],orfaxedto([phone].
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproduct
namesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.The
Publisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.
Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itis
soldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceor
otherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
OtherWileyEditorialOffices
JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA
Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany
JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia
JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809
JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,ONT,CanadaL5R4J3
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears
inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks.
AnniversaryLogoDesign:RichardJ.Pacifico
LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Chemicalwarfareagents:toxicologyandtreatment/editors,Timothy
C.Marrs,RobertL.Maynard,FrederickR.Sidell.–2nded.
p.;cm.
Rev.ed.of:Chemicalwarfareagents/TimothyC.Marrs,RobertL.Maynard,FrederickR.Sidell.c1996.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN:978-0-470-01359-5(alk.paper)
1.Chemicalagents(Munitions)–Toxicology. 2.Antidotes.
I.Marrs,TimothyC. II.Maynard,RobertL. III.Sidell,FrederickR. IV.Marrs,TimothyC.Chemicalwarfareagents.
[DNLM:1.ChemicalWarfareAgents. 2.WoundsandInjuries–chemicallyinduced.
3.WoundsandInjuries–therapy. QV663C51782007]
RA648.M372007
615.9–dc22 2006022729
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-470-01359-5
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry
inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction.
iv
SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February27,2007 16:3 CharCount=
CONTENTS
ListofContributors vii
Preface xi
1 OpinionsofChemicalWarfare 1
RobertL.Maynard
2 ThePhysicochemicalPropertiesandGeneralToxicologyofChemicalWarfareAgents 21
RobertL.Maynard
3 DispersionandModellingoftheSpreadofChemicalWarfareAgents 67
RogerD.KingdonandStephenWalker
4 TheFateofChemicalWarfareAgentsintheEnvironment 89
SylviaS.Talmage,NancyB.Munro,AnnettaP.Watson,
JosephF.KingandVeroniqueD.Hauschild
5 BiologicalMarkersofExposuretoChemicalWarfareAgents 127
RobinM.BlackandDaanNoort
6 RespiratoryProtection 157
AnthonyWetherellandGeorgeMathers
7 RespondingtoChemicalTerrorism:OperationalPlanningandDecontamination 175
GronRobertsandRobertL.Maynard
8 ToxicologyofOrganophosphateNerveAgents 191
TimothyC.Marrs
9 AHistoryofHumanStudieswithNerveAgentsbytheUKandUSA 223
FrederickR.Sidell
10 NerveAgents:Low-DoseEffects 241
LeahScott
11 ManagingCivilianCasualtiesAffectedbyNerveAgents 249
J.AllisterVale,PaulRiceandTimothyC.Marrs
12 TheManagementofCasualtiesFollowingToxicAgentRelease:TheApproach
AdoptedinFrance 261
DavidJ.Baker
13 TheDarkMorning:TheExperiencesandLessonsLearnedfromtheTokyo
SubwaySarinAttack 277
TetsuOkumura,TomohisaNomura,ToshishigeSuzuki,ManabuSugita,
YasuoTakeuchi,ToshioNaito,SumieOkumura,HiroshiMaekawa,
ShinichiIshimatsu,NobukatsuTakasu,KunihisaMiuraandKouichiroSuzuki
v
SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February27,2007 16:3 CharCount=
vi CONTENTS
14 AtropineandOtherAnticholinergicDrugs 287
JohnH.McDonoughandTsung-MingShih
15 Oximes 305
PeterA.EyerandFranzWorek
16 TheUseofBenzodiazepinesinOrganophosphorusNerveAgentIntoxication 331
TimothyC.MarrsandÅkeSellstro¨m
17 PretreatmentforNerveAgentPoisoning 343
LeahScott
18 GulfWarSyndrome 355
SimonWesselyandMathewHotopf
19 MustardGas 375
RobertL.Maynard
20 DermalAspectsofChemicalWarfare 409
RobertP.Chilcott
21 SulphurMustardInjuriesoftheSkin:PathophysiologyandClinical
ManagementofChemicalBurns 423
PaulRice
22 TheNormalBoneMarrowandManagementofToxin-InducedStemCellFailure 443
JenniferG.Treleaven
23 OrganicArsenicals 467
TimothyC.MarrsandRobertL.Maynard
24 Phosgene 477
RobertL.Maynard
25 Cyanides:ChemicalWarfareAgentsandPotentialTerroristThreats 495
BryanBallantyne,ChantalBismuthandAlanH.Hall
26 RiotControlAgentsinMilitaryOperations,CivilDisturbanceControlandPotential
TerroristActivities,withParticularReferencetoPeripheralChemosensoryIrritants 543
BryanBallantyne
27 RicinandAbrinPoisoning 613
SallyM.Bradberry,J.MichaelLord,PaulRiceandJ.AllisterVale
28 TheTotalProhibitionofChemicalWeapons 633
GrahamS.Pearson
29 AnA–ZofCompoundsofInterestinRelationtoChemicalWarfareandOther
MalevolentUsesofPoisons 663
PhilippaEdwardsandRobertL.Maynard
Index 709
SFK SFK
JWBK130-FM JWBK130-Marrsetal February27,2007 16:3 CharCount=
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
DavidJ.Baker VeroniqueD.Hauschild
SAMUdeParis,ServiceduProfesseurPierre USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,
Carli,HoˆpitalNeckerEnfants–Malades, Washington,DC20460,USA
149RuedeSevres,75743Paris,France
MathewHotopf
BryanBallantyne InstituteofPsychiatry,King’sCentrefor
871ChappellRoad,Charleston, MilitaryHealthResearch,WestonEducation
WV25304,USA Centre,King’sCollegeLondon,Cutcombe
Road,London,SE59RJ,UK
ChantalBismuth
HoˆpitalFernandWidal,200Ruedu ShinichiIshimatsu
Faubourg-Saint-Denis,75010Paris,France StLuke’sInternationalHospital,Akashicho9-1
Chio,Tokyo104-850,Japan
RobinM.Black
DefenceScienceandTechnologyLaboratory,
JosephF.King
PortonDown,Salisbury,Wiltshire,
USArmyEnvironmentalCenter,Aberdeen
SP40JQ,UK
ProvingGround,MD21010-5400,USA
SallyM.Bradberry
RogerD.Kingdon
NationalPoisonsInformationService
PhysicalSciencesDepartment,Defence
(BirminghamCentre)andWestMidlands
ScienceandTechnologyLaboratory,
PoisonsUnit,CityHospital,Birmingham,
PortonDown,Salisbury,Wiltshire,
B187QH,UK
SP40JQ,UK
RobertP.Chilcott
J.MichaelLord
ChemicalHazardsandPoisonsDivision,Centre
DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,University
forRadiation,ChemicalandEnvironmental
ofWarwick,Coventry,Warwickshire,
Hazards,HealthProtectionAgency,Chilton,
CV47AL,UK
Didcot,Oxfordshire,OX110RQ,UK
HiroshiMaekawa
PhilippaEdwards
AdvancedEmergencyMedicalCenter,
ChemicalHazardsandPoisonsDivision,Centre
JuntendoShizuokaHospital,Nagoka1129,
forRadiation,ChemicalandEnvironmental
IzunokuniCity,Shizuoka410-2295,
Hazards,HealthProtectionAgency,Chilton,
Japan
Didcot,Oxfordshire,OX110RQ,UK
TimothyC.Marrs
PeterA.Eyer
EdentoxAssociates,Pinehurst,FourElms
Walther-Straub-InstituteofPharmacologyand
Road,Edenbridge,KentTN86AQ,UK;
Toxicology,Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversity,
NationalPoisonsInformationService
Goethestrasse33,D-80336Munich,Germany
(BirminghamCentre)andWestMidlands
AlanH.Hall PoisonsUnit,CityHospital,BirminghamB18
ToxicologyConsultingandMedicalTranslating 7QH,UK;LancashireSchoolofHealthand
Services,Inc.,(TCMS,Inc.),ElkMountain, PostgraduateMedicine,UniversityofCentral
WY82324,USA Lancashire,Preston,PR12HE,UK
vii