Chemical Warfare Agents Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics

744 Pages·2008·12.79 MB·English

Romano/ChemicalWarfareAgents:Chemistry,Pharmacology,Toxicology,andTherapeutics 46616_C000 FinalProof page i 15.11.2007 11:57am CompositorName:VAmoudavally
Second Edition
Chemical
Warfare Agents
Chemistry, Pharmacology,
Toxicology, and Therapeutics
Romano/ChemicalWarfareAgents:Chemistry,Pharmacology,Toxicology,andTherapeutics 46616_C000 FinalProof page ii 15.11.2007 11:57am CompositorName:VAmoudavally
Romano/ChemicalWarfareAgents:Chemistry,Pharmacology,Toxicology,andTherapeutics 46616_C000 FinalProof page iii 15.11.2007 11:57am CompositorName:VAmoudavally
Second Edition
Chemica l
Warfare Agents
Chemistry, Pharmacology,
Toxicology, and Therapeutics
Edited by
James A. Romano, Jr.
Brian J. Lukey
Harry Salem
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Romano/ChemicalWarfareAgents:Chemistry,Pharmacology,Toxicology,andTherapeutics 46616_C000 FinalProof page iv 15.11.2007 11:57am CompositorName:VAmoudavally
CRC Press
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© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-4661-8 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chemical warfare agents : chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutics / editors, James A.
Romano Jr. and Brian J. Lukey. -- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Chemical warfare agents : toxicity at low levels / edited by Satu M. Somani, James A.
Romano, Jr.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-4661-8 (alk. paper)
1. Chemical agents (Munitions) I. Romano, James A. II. Lukey, Brian J.
[DNLM: 1. Chemical Warfare Agents--poisoning. 2. Disaster Planning--methods. 3.
Poisoning--prevention & control. 4. Poisoning--therapy. QV 663 C5177 2008]
RA648.C546 2008
363.17’9--dc22 2007027747
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Romano/ChemicalWarfareAgents:Chemistry,Pharmacology,Toxicology,andTherapeutics 46616_C000 FinalProof page v 15.11.2007 11:57am CompositorName:VAmoudavally
Dedication
The editors consider it a distinct honor to dedicate this
book to the memory of our good friends and distinguished
colleagues, Drs. Satu Somani and Brennie E. Hackley Jr.
Dr. Somani,professorofpharmacologyandtoxicologyatSouthernIllinoisUniversity (SIU) since
1974, was internationally recognized as a scholar and educator, as well as a pharmacologist and
toxicologist. He was dedicated to research and teaching, as well as to his students and his native
India. He was a driving force in the planning of the 35th Annual Conference of the Indian
Pharmacology Society on ‘‘Chemical and Biological Warfare’’ (CBW). He edited two books in
the area of CBW, including the first edition of this work with James Romano in 2001. He was
particularly devoted to working with medical students in India in implementing problem-based
learning.Thisphilosophy,althoughnewtoIndia’smedicalschools,wasacorephilosophyatSIU.
Conversely, he was eager to incorporate ayurvedic medicine into the medical pharmacology
curriculum at SIU. Although Dr. Somani passed away on October 29, 2002, he remains a source
of inspiration tothe editors.
Dr. Brennie E. Hackley Jr. was chief scientist and scientific advisor to the commander of the
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense. He authored or coauthored
more than 75 publications and 15 U.S. patents. His publications and patents contributed signifi-
cantly to the development of medical antidotes for chemical warfare agents. During his career,
Dr. Hackley studied the relationship between chemical structures and chemotherapeutic activity
withreferencetoefficacyagainsttoxicagents.Hecontributedtotheelucidationofmechanismsof
reactionsofnucleophileswithorganophosphoruscompounds.Hesynthesizedanumberofoximes,
one ofwhichwas adopted as an antidote against chemical agents by theU.S. AirForce.
Dr. Hackley received numerous honors and commendations during 57 years of his continuous
governmentservice.HewasanhonorarylifememberoftheAmericanChemicalSocietyandfellow
of theAmerican Instituteof Chemists. Dr. Hackley passed away onNovember 5,2006.
The field of medical chemical defense will struggle to overcome the loss of Drs. Somani and
Hackley, but in the end will prevail because of their legacy of scholarly effort and compassionate
mentoring.
Romano/ChemicalWarfareAgents:Chemistry,Pharmacology,Toxicology,andTherapeutics 46616_C000 FinalProof page vi 15.11.2007 11:57am CompositorName:VAmoudavally
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Contents
Preface..............................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................xvii
Editors............................................................................................................................................xix
Contributors...................................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Brief History andUse ofChemical Warfare AgentsinWarfare
andTerrorism...............................................................................................................1
Harry Salem, Andrew L. TernayJr., and Jeffery K. Smart
Chapter 2 Chemistry ofChemical Warfare Agents...................................................................21
Petr Kikilo, Vitaly Fedorenko, and Andrew L. TernayJr.
Chapter 3 ChemicalWarfareAgentThreatto DrinkingWater.................................................51
Harry Salem, ChristopherE.Whalley, Charles H.Wick,
ThomasP.Gargan II,and W. Dickinson Burrows
Chapter 4 Health Effects ofLow-Level Exposure to Nerve Agents.........................................71
John H.McDonoughand JamesA. Romano Jr.
Chapter 5 Toxicokinetics ofNerveAgents................................................................................97
MarcelJ. van derSchans,Hendrik P.Benschop, and ChristopherE.Whalley
Chapter 6 Application ofGenomic,Proteomic,and Metabolomic Technologies
tothe Developmentof Countermeasures againstChemical
Warfare Agents........................................................................................................123
Jennifer W. Sekowski and JamesF. Dillman III
Chapter 7 Novel Approaches toMedicalProtection against Chemical Warfare
Nerve Agents...........................................................................................................145
Ashima Saxena, ChunyuanLuo,Nageswararao Chilukuri,
DonaldM. Maxwell,and Bhupendra P.Doctor
Chapter 8 Nerve AgentBioscavengers:Progress inDevelopment ofa New Mode
ofProtection againstOrganophosphorus Exposure................................................175
David E.Lenz, Clarence A.Broomfield,David T. Yeung,Patrick Masson,
DonaldM. Maxwell,and Douglas M.Cerasoli
vii
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Chapter 9 Butyrylcholinesterase and Its SyntheticC-Terminal Peptide Confer
In Vitro Suppression of Amyloid Fibril Formation..............................................203
Erez Podoly, Sophia Diamant, Assaf Friedler, Oded Livnah,
and Hermona Soreq
Chapter 10 NovelMedicalCountermeasurefor Organophosphorus Intoxication:
Connection toAlzheimer’s Disease and Dementia...............................................219
EdnaF.R. Pereira,DavidR. Burt,YascoAracava,Robert K. Kan,
Tracey A.Hamilton,JamesA.RomanoJr., MichaelAdler,
and Edson X.Albuquerque
Chapter 11 Inhalation Toxicologyof NerveAgents................................................................233
PaulA.Dabisch, StanleyW. Hulet, Robert Kristovich,
and Robert J.Mioduszewski
Chapter 12 Vesicantsand Oxidative Stress.............................................................................247
Milton G.Smith, WilliamStone, Ren-Feng Guo, Peter A.Ward,
Zacharias Suntres, Shyamali Mukherjee, and Salil K. Das
Chapter 13 Health Effects of Exposure toVesicant Agents....................................................293
Charles G.Hurst and William J.Smith
Chapter 14 Cyanides:Toxicology, ClinicalPresentation, and Medical Management............313
Bryan Ballantyne andHarrySalem
Chapter 15 Chemicals Usedfor Riot Control andPersonal Protection...................................343
HarrySalem,BryanBallantyne, andSidney Katz
Chapter 16 Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Neurotoxin andOverview
of Medical Countermeasures forIntoxication.......................................................389
MichaelAdler, George Oyler,JamesP.Apland,Sharad S. Deshpande,
JamesD. Nicholson, Jaime Anderson, Charles B.Millard,
and Frank J. Lebeda
Chapter 17 Ricin andRelated Toxins: Review and Perspective.............................................423
Charles B.MillardandRossD.LeClaire
Chapter 18 Screening Smokes: Applications, Toxicology, Clinical Considerations,
and Medical Management.....................................................................................469
Bryan Ballantyne andHarrySalem
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Chapter 19 Clinical Detection of Exposure toChemical Warfare Agents..............................501
Benedict R.Capacio, J.RichardSmith, Richard K. Gordon,
Julian R.Haigh,John R.Barr,and Brian J.Lukey
Chapter 20 PersonalProtective Equipment: Practicaland TheoreticalConsiderations...........549
MichaelR.Jones
Chapter 21 ChemicalWarfareAgent Decontamination from Skin.........................................611
Brian J.Lukey,Harry F.Slife Jr., Edward D.Clarkson,Charles G.Hurst,
and Ernest H. Braue Jr.
Chapter 22 ChemicalWarfare,Chemical Terrorism, and Traumatic Stress Responses:
AnAssessmentof Psychological Impact..............................................................627
JamesA.Romano Jr., Lucille A.Lumley, JamesM. King,
and George A.Saviolakis
Chapter 23 Emergency Response toa ChemicalWarfareAgent Incident:
DomesticPreparedness, First Response, andPublic Health Considerations........653
David H.Moore and Barbara B.Saunders-Price
Chapter 24 Emergency Medical Response toa ChemicalTerroristAttack............................675
Stephen A.Pulley and MichaelR.Jones
Index.............................................................................................................................................713