Table Of ContentCHEMICAL SPILLS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AT SEA
Chemical Spills
and
Emergency Management
at Sea
Proceedings of the First International Conference
on "Chemical Spills and Emergency Management at Sea",
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 15-18, 1988
edited by
P. BOCKHOLTS
and
I. HEIDEBRINK
TNO Department of Industrial Safety, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6887-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0887-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0887-1
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
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© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1988
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INTRODUCTION
International shipping is of great importance for the transport
of a great many types of cargo. Substances and products considered
dangerous constitute almost 50% of all the payload. It is obvious
that stringent regulations are required in order to minimize the
risks of accidents. These regulations, which are derived from good
practice and which are based on research, have been adopted by a
great number of countries. However, emergencies do occur in spite
of all precautions. Such emergencies require fast and adequate
response in order to confine the consequences for man and his
environment to a minimum. Emergency response has political, legal,
financial and technical aspects. This makes decision making
extremely difficult.
The papers carefully prepared and assembled in this book present
an up-to-date picture of today's achievements, knowledge and
difficulties that are being faced.
It was the intention of Oilchem Recovery Denmark and TNO to bring
the wide scatter of aspects together in a joined perspective. We
also intended to spread the information on latest developments
among the many people who are involved in combating calamities and
in particular in decision making.
Finally, we hope that this conference may help all of us to come
to a safer transport of chemicals and a better aquatic environment.
We thank all the authors for their magnificent contribution.
P. Bockholts, chairman
I. Heidebrink, co-chairman
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction v
PREVENTION/PREPAREDNESS FOR ACCIDENTS
The Prevention of Chemical Spill Incidents 3
O.H.J. Dijxhoorn
Contingency Planning 15
T.M. Hayes
RISK ANALYSIS
Risk Analysis for Marine Chemical Spills - A Survey 31
J.R. Taylor
Transport Structures of Chemical and Gastanker Cargoes 45
R.L. Tollenaar
The Use of Mathematical Models in Accident Consequence
Assessment for Transport of Hazardous Materials at Sea 59
C.J.H. van den Bosch
The Juxtaposition of Long-Term and Real-Time Oil Spill
Modelling 73
P.C.P. Chandler
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO CHEMICAL SPILLS
Emergency Response to the Release of Chemical Cargoes
at Sea 85
D. Cormack
Regional Policy on Marine Emergency Management 95
N.A. AI-Nakib
Policy in the Netherlands with Respect to Response of
Chemical Spills 103
W. Koops
viii
A Baltic Sea Model of the Response to Chemicals 115
K. Schroh
Offshore Industry Response to Emergencies 127
H.J. Helder
Integral North Sea Emergency Plan
The Coordinated Approach by the Netherlands Government 137
I.F.H.C.C. van den Enden
Classification of Chemicals for Situation Analysis 143
W. Koops
Chemical Emergencies at Sea: The Salvor's Perspective 157
K.J. Reinigert
REPORTING AND COMMUNICATION/IMMEDIATE RESPONSE
Reporting and Communication 173
J. [2Jstergaard
Immediate Response in Chemical Accidents 193
A.K. Stlrensen
Communication and Evacuation 199
C.G.U. Bjurman
INFORMATION COLLECTION/INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Hazard Assessment/Decision Making: Collection of
Relevant Information 209
R. Kantin
SEABEL: Hazard Identification and Decision Support
System for Chemical Spills at Sea 223
I. Heidebrink
The Use of Information Systems for Supporting Decisions
on Emergency Response at Sea 233
G. Wagenaar
An Analysis of Historical Events During Transshipment
of Dangerous Goods in Harbours 249
L.J.B. Koehorst
The Community Information System for the Control and
Reduction of Pollution by the Spillage of Hydrocarbons
and Other Harmful Substances at Sea 259
C. Hagebro
ix
State-of-the-Art Emergency Information Management and
Communication at the Chemical Transportation Emergency
Center 269
C. Cofta
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SPILLS
Evaluation of Environmental Hazards 277
K. Bender
Ecological Considerations with Respect to Actions Towards
Hazardous Spills 285
W. Zevenboom
ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL EVENTS
Experiences and Findings in Connection with the Casualty
Involving the Ship CASON 305
J.A. Madiedo
The Herald of Free Enterprise Accident: The Environmental
Perspective 315
T.G. Jacques
The Dinoseb Incident 1984 325
P.S. Stamp
Lessons to be Learnt from Past Incidents
Suggestions from Environmental Organizations 345
G. Peet
DECISION MAKING
Decision Making for Chemical Accidents at Sea 357
J.R. Taylor
Decision Making for Emergency Response 363
L.M. Schrijnen
LIABILITY/ASSURANCE
Liability and Compensation for Damage by Hazardous and
Noxious Substances in a Marine Environment 373
A. van Eden
Compensation for Damage Caused During Transport of
Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea 381
R. Cleton
x
Recovery of Costs - A Liability Insurer's Point of View 393
E. Stein
ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION OF INLAND WATERWAYS
Modelling of Accidental Spills as a Tool for River
Management 405
J.A.G. van Gils
Emergency Management Related to the International Rhine
Committee 415
J.H. Jansen
The Ashland Oil Spill of January 1988 - An EPA Perspective 421
S.L. Laskowski, T.C. Voltaggio
Environmental Effects of the January 2, 1988, Diesel Oil
Spill into the Monongahela River - Progress Report 435
E. Berkey, S.M. Creeger, R.L. Price
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Latest Results on Oil Spill Combat with ElastolT•M. 447
R. Hingmann
Research and Development within CEDRE 457
R. Kantin
Status Report for the Nordic Research and Development
Co-operation Concerning Response to Chemical Accidents 467
C.G.U. Bjurman
Sources of Pollution in Indian Ocean - Risk and Management 479
T. Saify and S.A. Chaghtai
PREVENTION/PREPAREDNESS FOR ACCIDENTS
THE PREVENTION OF CHEMICAL SPILL INCIDENTS
O.H.J. Dijxhoorn
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Maritime Safety Division
4 Albert Embankment
London, SEI 7SR
United Kingdom
ABSTRACT. The issue of chemical spills at sea raises the question as
to what international regime exists aimed at the prevention of such
incidents. The international body regulating maritime matters is the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) and it is necessary to turn
towards that organization to find the answer. At the same time it is
important to be aware of the fact that the work of IMO and the
effectiveness of the instruments it adopts depends wholly on the work
of Governments which undertake to implement and if necessary review
such instruments.
The prevention of chemical spills is first and foremost a safety
matter and IMO is responsible for the adopt~on of a number of
conventions currently in force and directed'at greater safety at
sea. In addition an important convention for the prevention of
pollution of ships is in force. Safety conventions usually concern
ships in general but there are a number of IMO conventions which have
been directly affected by the development of th~ chemical trade.
This paper restricts itself to discussing the latter.
1. Introduction
The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto,
commonly referred to as MARPOL 73/78, defines an incident as an event
involving the actual or probable discharge into the sea of a harmful
substance, or effluents containing such a substance. Harmful
substance in this context means any substance which, if introduced
into the sea, is liable to create hazards to human health, to harm
living resources and marine life, to damage amenities or to interfere
with other legitimate uses of the sea, and includes any substance
subject to control by MARPOL 73/78. Chemical spills are addressed in
Annex II of that convention which, in its Appendix II, lists the
so-called noxious liquid substances that may be carried in bulk by
ships and for that reason it would seem obvious to consider Annex II
3
P. Backhalts and l. Heidebrink (eds.), Chemical Spills and Emergency Management at Sea, 3-14.
© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Description:International shipping is of great importance for the transport of a great many types of cargo. Substances and products considered dangerous constitute almost 50% of all the payload. It is obvious that stringent regulations are required in order to minimize the risks of accidents. These regulations,
