Cardiac Surgery in the Adult

1729 Pages·2007·59.21 MB·English

by  Lawrence Cohn

i
Cardiac Surgery
in the Adult
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iii
Cardiac Surgery
in the Adult
THIRD EDITION
Lawrence H.Cohn,MD
Virginia and James Hubbard Professor ofCardiac Surgery
Harvard Medical School
Division ofCardiac Surgery
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston,Massachusetts
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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DOI: 10.1036/0071469133
v
To the cardiac surgery team
at Brigham and Women's Hospital,
past,present,and future
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vii
Contents
Contributors / xi 12.Extracorporeal Circulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Foreword / xxi A. Perfusion Systems
Preface / xxiii B. The Response of Humoral and Cellular
Elements of Blood to Extracorporeal Circulation
PART I FUNDAMENTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 C. Organ Damage
John W.Hammon
1.History of Cardiac Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
13.Transfusion Therapy and Blood Conservation. . . . . . . 415
Larry W.Stephenson
Leonard Y.Lee,William J.DeBois,Karl H.Krieger,
2.Surgical Anatomy of the Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 & O.Wayne Isom
Michael R.Mill,Benson R.Wilcox,& Robert H.Anderson
14.Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest. . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
3.Cardiac Surgical Physiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 René Prêtre & Marko I.Turina
Edward B.Savage,R.Saeid Farivar,& Eric J.Okum
15.Myocardial Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
4.Cardiac Surgical Pharmacology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Robert M.Mentzer,Jr.,M.Salik Jahania,
Jerrold H.Levy,Kenichi A.Tanaka,& James M.Bailey & Robert D.Lasley
5.Pathology of Cardiac Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 16.Postoperative Care of Cardiac Surgery Patients. . . . . . 465
Robert F.Padera,Jr.& Frederick J.Schoen Zain I.Khalpey,Rose B.Ganim,& James D.Rawn
6.Cardiac Surgical Imaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 17.Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Frank J.Rybicki,Tarang Sheth,& Frederick Y.Chen Mark P.Anstadt & James E.Lowe
7.Risk Stratification and Comorbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 18.Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support. . . . . . . 507
Victor A.Ferraris,Fred H.Edwards, Edwin C.McGee,Jr.,Patrick M.McCarthy,
David M.Shahian,& Suellen P.Ferraris & Nader Moazami
8.Statistical Treatment of Surgical 19.Late Complications of Cardiac Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Outcome Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Samuel Jerome Durham & Jeffrey Philip Gold
Ruyun Jin & Gary L.Grunkemeier
PART III ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
PART II PERIOPERATIVE/INTRAOPERATIVE CARE . . .259
20.Indications for Revascularization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
9.Preoperative Evaluation for Cardiac Surgery . . . . . . 261 Morgan L.Brown,ThoralfM.Sundt,III,& Bernard J.Gersh
Michelle A.Albert,Nitsan Halevy,& Elliott M.Antman
21.Myocardial Revascularization with Percutaneous
10.Cardiac Anesthesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Joseph S.Savino & Albert T.Cheung James M.Wilson & James T.Willerson
11.Principles and Practice of Echocardiography 22.Myocardial Revascularization with
in Cardiac Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Cardiopulmonary Bypass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Maurice Enriquez-Sarano,Vuyisile T.Nkomo,& Hector Michelena Enrique Góngora & ThoralfM.Sundt,III
viii
Contents
23.Myocardial Revascularization without 39.Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . 957
Cardiopulmonary Bypass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Prem S.Shekar & Lawrence H.Cohn
Todd M.Dewey & Michael J.Mack
40.Percutaneous Aortic Valve Interventions . . . . . . . . . . 963
24.Myocardial Revascularization with Michael J.Davidson & Donald S.Baim
Carotid Artery Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Cary W.Akins & Richard P.Cambria
PART IVb VALVULAR HEART DISEASE (MITRAL) . . . . .971
25.Myocardial Revascularization after Acute
Myocardial Infarction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 41.Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Disease. . . . . . . . . . . 973
Isaac George & Mehmet C.Oz James I.Fann,Neil B.Ingels,Jr.,& D.Craig Miller
26.Minimally Invasive Myocardial Revascularization . . 697 42.Mitral Valve Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Volkmar Falk & Friedrich W.Mohr Frederick Y.Chen & Lawrence H.Cohn
27.Coronary Artery Reoperations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 43.Mitral Valve Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031
G.V.Gonzalez-Stawinski & Bruce W.Lytle Tomas Gudbjartsson,Tarek Absi,& Sary Aranki
28.Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization and 44.Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve
Extravascular Angiogenetic Techniques to Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069
Increase Myocardial Blood Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 Sotiris C.Stamou,Gosta Petterson,& A.Marc Gillinov
Keith A.Horvath & Yifu Zhou
45.Minimally Invasive and Robotic Mitral
29.Surgical Treatment of Complications of Acute Valve Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079
Myocardial Infarction:Postinfarction Ventricular W.Randolph Chitwood,Jr.& Evelio Rodriguez
Septal Defect and Free Wall Rupture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
46.Percutaneous Catheter–Based Mitral
Arvind K.Agnihotri,Joren C.Madsen,
Valve Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101
& Willard M.Daggett,Jr.
Michael J.Davidson & Donald S.Baim
30.Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
Wilson Y.Szeto,Robert C.Gorman,
PART IVc VALVULAR HEART DISEASE (OTHER) . . . .1109
Joseph H.Gorman,III,& Michael A.Acker
31.Left Ventricular Aneurysm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 47.Tricuspid Valve Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
Donald D.Glower & James E.Lowe Richard J.Shemin
PART IVa VALVULAR HEART DISEASE (AORTIC) . . . .823 48.Multiple Valve Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129
Hartzell V.Schaff& Rakesh M.Suri
32.Pathophysiology of Aortic Valve Disease . . . . . . . . . . 825
49.Reoperative Valve Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159
Tomislav Mihaljevic,Mohammed R.Sayeed,
James P.Greelish,Rashid M.Ahmad,Jorge M.Balaguer,
Sotiris C.Stamou,& Subroto Paul
Michael R.Petracek,& John G.Byrne
33.Aortic Valve Replacement with a Mechanical
50.Valvular and Ischemic Heart Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175
Cardiac Valve Prosthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Martin LeBoutillier,III & Verdi J.DiSesa
Robert W.Emery,Ann M.Emery,Amy Knutsen,
& Goya V.Raikar
PART V DISEASES OF THE GREAT VESSELS . . . . . . .1193
34.Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Replacement:Stented
Pericardial and Porcine Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857 51.Aortic Dissection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1195
Nimesh D.Desai & George T.Christakis T.Brett Reece,G.Randall Green,& Irving L.Kron
35.Stentless Aortic Valve Replacement: 52.Ascending Aortic Aneurysms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223
Autograft/Homograft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 Derek R.Brinster,Robert J.Rizzo,
Craig R.Hampton & Edward D.Verrier & R.Morton Bolman,III
36.Stentless Aortic Valve Replacement: 53.Aneurysms of the Aortic Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1251
Porcine and Pericardial. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 David Spielvogel,Manu N.Mathur,& Randall B.Griepp
Paul Stelzer
54.Descending and Thoracoabdominal Aortic
37.Aortic Valve Repair and Aortic Valve–Sparing Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277
Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935 Joseph S.Coselli & Scott A.LeMaire
Tirone E.David
55.Endovascular Therapy for the Treatment
38.Surgical Treatment of Aortic Valve Endocarditis . . . . . 949 of Thoracic Aortic Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299
Tirone E.David Susan D.Moffatt-Bruce & R.Scott Mitchell
ix
Contents
56.Pulmonary Embolism and Pulmonary PART VIII TRANSPLANT AND
Thromboendarterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309 CIRCULATORY SUPPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1511
Michael M.Madani & Stuart W.Jamieson
64.Immunobiology of Heart and Heart-Lung
57.Trauma to the Great Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333
Transplantation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513
Thomas G.Gleason & Joseph E.Bavaria
Bartley P.Griffith,Michel Haddad,& Robert S.Poston
PART VI SURGERY FOR CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS .1355 65.Heart Transplantation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539
Lois U.Nwakanma,Ashish S.Shah,John V.Conte,&
58.Interventional Therapy for Atrial William A.Baumgartner
and Ventricular Arrhythmias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357
66.Heart-Lung and Lung Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . 1579
Robert E.Eckart & Laurence M.Epstein
Ahmad Y.Sheikh,Marc P.Pelletier,& Robert C.Robbins
59.Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. . . . . . . . . . . 1375
67.Long-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support. . . . . . 1609
Rochus K.Voeller,Richard B.Schuessler,
Sanjeev Aggarwal,Faisal Cheema,Mehmet C.Oz,
& Ralph J.Damiano,Jr.
& Yoshifumi Naka
60.Surgical Implantation of Pacemakers
68.Total Artificial Heart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
and Automatic Defibrillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395
O.H.Frazier,Timothy J.Myers,& Igor Gregoric
Henry M.Spotnitz & George H.Humphreys,II
69.Nontransplant Surgical Options for Heart Failure. 1639
PART VII OTHER CARDIAC OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . .1429 Martinus T.Spoor & Steven F.Bolling
61.Adult Congenital Heart Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431 70.Tissue Engineering for Cardiac Valve Surgery. . . . . 1649
Hillel Laks,Daniel Marelli,Mark Plunkett,& JeffMyers John E.Mayer
62.Pericardial Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465 71.Stem Cell–Induced Regeneration
Abeel A.Mangi & David F.Torchiana of Myocardium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1657
Robert P.Gallegos & R.Morton Bolman,III
63.Cardiac Neoplasms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1479
Jon-Cecil M.Walkes,W.Roy Smythe,& Michael J.Reardon Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1669