BY FATIMA ABD ELBAGI MAIRGHNI KONONNA BVSc. FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ...

67 Pages·2002·0.35 MB·English

BY

FATIMA ABD ELBAGI MAIRGHNI KONONNA
B.V.Sc. FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF
KHARTOUM

SUPERVISOR: Dr. Nabiela M. Elbagir
Head Dept of Biochemistry, Faculty of VET. Med. U. of K.

A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Master
Degree Of Science

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Biochemistry
April 2003

أ
TO MY FATHER, MOTHER, BROTHERS, SISTERS, MY HUSBAND
& FINALLY TO DUAA FOR THEIR TREMENDOUS & MORAL
SUPPORT, PATIENCE & ENCOURAGEMENT.
Fatima

ب
I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Hassan M. Musa
and Dr. Nabiela M. Elbagir for their continoues advice and guidance
throughout the course of my study and during the preparation of this thesis.
I am deeply indeted to the Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, U. Of K. For giving me the opportunity to pursare my master
degree.
Thanks also are extended the to technical staff Altayb Abas and Abd
Alkarim Sayed and labors of the Department for their valuable assistance
during chemical analsis of the samples.
I am very grateful to my colleagues and friends for their generous donation
to accomplish this work.
Thanks are extended to the Department of Microbiology for their
bacteriological analysis.
I would also like to thank Dr. Adel Farah and Manal El Zubeir, Ministry of
Animal Resourses and Fishers for their great help in the statistical analysis
of the data.Above all , my special praise and thanks to Alla for his
innumerable bounties .

ج
In this study, the chronic toxicity with potassium cyanide is studied for 4
weeks in goat-kids by daily dosing with 2.5 mg/ kg B.Wt. of KCN .The
study revealed that no clinical signs were observed. Thiocyanate values
showed a fluctuating manner i.e.they increased significantly (p<0.01) in
first week and week two, then decreased significantly (p<0.001) in the
fourth week. While cyanide showed an increase throughout the experimental
period, studying from the zero level with the continued dosing. Significantly
(p<0.05) high levels in protein and albumin levels were observed at the end
of the study while there is a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the hemoglobin
level. The total micro flora count showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in
all the period of investigation, when compared to the level in the some
animals at level zero. These effects showed that 2.5 mgKCN /kg KCN when
applied daily resulted in slight degree of toxicity.

د
ﻢﻴﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﻦﻤﺣﺮﻟﺍ ﷲﺍ ﻢﺴﺑ

.
ﺯﻋﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻐﺼ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻴﺒﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺃ ﺓﺩﻤﻟ ﻡﻭﻴﺴﺎﺘﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﻡﻤﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺕﻤﺘ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ
2.5 /
ﺔﻋﺭﺠﺒ ﺯﻋﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻐﺼﻟ ﻡﻭﻴﺴﺎﺘﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻴﺴ لﻭﻠﺤﻤ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ ﻡﺠﻠﻤ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺎﹰﻴﻤﻭﻴ ﻡﺠﻜ
ﻱﺭﻴﺘﻜﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺕﺜﺩﺤ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺭﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻡﻟ
ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺇ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻡﺭﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻴﺴﻭﻴﺜ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺏﺫﺒﺫﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻴﻤﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺇ ﻲﻓ
.
ﺭﻴﺨﻵﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺇ ﻭ ﻊﺠﺭ ﻭ ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺇ ﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ
.
ﻊﻴﺒﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻴﺴﺎﺘﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻴﺴ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺇ
ﻥﻴﻋﻭﺒﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻭﻴﺴﺎﺘﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻴﺴﺒ ﻊﻴﺭﺠﺘﻟﺍ لﺒﻗ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﺘﻭﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻑﻋﺎﻀﺘ
.
ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ
ﻡﺜ ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﻔﺘﺭﺇ ﻡﺜ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﺒﺴﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻭﻴﺒﻷﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺇ
.
ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﹰﻴﻨﺎﺜ ﺽﻔﺨﻨﺇ
ﺔﺒﺭﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺎﻬﻨ ﻲﺘﺤﻭ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﺒﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺃﺩﺘﺒﺇ ، ﻡﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺒﻭﻠﻗﻭﻤﻬﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺇ ﺙﺩﺤ
.

ﻥﻭﺩ ﺓﺭﺘﻔﻟﺍ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﺭﺘﻜﺒﻠﻟ ﻲﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﺇ ﺙﺩﺤ ﺵﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺭﺘﻜﺒﻟ ﻲﻠﻜﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ
.
ﻡﻭﻴﺴﺎﺘﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻴﺴ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ لﺒﻗ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ
.
ﻡﻤﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﻌﻀ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﻡﻭﻴﺴﺎﺘﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻴﺴ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺇ
ﻩ
و
ز
INTRODUCTION

The word cyanide can stir people’s emotions. Much of the
toxicological interest in cyanide has focused on it’s rapid lethal
action , in spite of , it’s chronic toxicity from dietary , industrial
and environmental factors.Cyanide is not wholly a toxin
synthesized by civilization , as it existed in periodic times (James
and Way, 1984) and was involved in biogenesis . In addition
cyanide is produced by various organisms and plants in our
environment and has a role in normal metabolism .Cyanide is
detoxified mainly by reacting with sulphur containing compounds ,
thus yielding the less toxic substance thiocyanates (lang, 1933) .
The chronic exposure to cyanide may deplete the body from some
of its important metabolites such as the sulphur containing amino
acids.
The main objectives of this work were.
i. To investigate the effect of cyanide on some
biochemical parameters.
ii. To investigate the effect of cyanide on the rumen
micro- flora count.
The study was designed to full fill these objectives by daily dosing
of cyanide to goat – kids, as repeated constant dose, so as to
investigat the blood for the levels of serum total protein, albumin
and haemoglobin , also the rumen micro flora count in the rumen
liquor will be stander. The results obtained will be compared with
the results at zero time as a control.

ح
1. Literature Review
1.1 Nature of cyanides
Hydrocyanic acid or prussic acid (HCN) is one of the most toxic and rapidly
acting of common poisons. In spite of its toxic effects in living organisms, it
is widely considered that HCN playes the key role in evolution of primordial
molecules of amino acids purines and pyrimidines (H.R.B). Cyanides
comprise a very wide range of compounds of differing degrees of chemical
complexity but all of which are characterized by possession of chemical
group (-C≡N). Convenient descriptive terms are:
Free cyanide: which is the summation of molecular HCN, and cyanide in
aqueous media.
Simple cyanide: is a compound that dissociates directly into the cyanide ion
─
(CN ) and ca tion (e.g. H+, Na+, K+, Ca++) with no intermediates.
Complex cyanide: is a compound in which the cyanide radical is
incorporated into molecular inorganic or organic complex or complexes.
Nitrite: is an organic compound containing the cyanide group.
Cyanogen is usually reserved for a nitrite, which can liberate free cyanide
(Timothy and Ballantyne(1987)).
1.2 Physiochemical properties of HCN
It has small (molecular weight 27.03), linear, uncharged molecule, which is
highly soluble in aqueous media and in equilibrium with low concentration
─ ﻩ
of CN . The PKa is 9.21 at 25c . In general, environmental factors do not
ﻩ
markedly influence the equilibrium e.g. in 10c and pH 6.0 more than 99%
ط
of cyanide exists as HCN and at pH 8.5 HCN is 92% un-ionized (Rodkey
and Robertson, 1979 and EPA, 1984). Cyanide is virtually un-ionized at the
physiological pH and is therefore present in body fluids as HCN. The facility
with which cyanide enters cells is thus due to the Lipid solubility of HCN. In
addition, it is HCN that combines with cytochrome ą3 to inhibit aerobic
respiration. Therefore cyanide in the body fluids usually expressed as HCN
(Wikstrom, etal, 1981).
1.3 Source of cyanide
1.3.1 Cyanogenic plants
They include agriculturally important species such as cassava, sorghum,
bamboo, cotton, almond and beans (Eyjolfsson, 1970) cyanide poisoning of
livestock by forage sorghums and other cyanogeneic plants is well
documented (Mudder1997). The most important source of cyanide to
animals is many species of plants contain hydrocyanic acid either free or,
more usually in the form of cyanogenetic glycoside, an organic compound
containing a sugar, and capable of yielding cyanide on hydrolysis. A bout
800 species of higher plants from 70 to 80 families. The glycoside is it self
non-toxic, but if brought into contact with appropriate enzyme it is
decomposed, and hydrocyanic acid liberated, and results in its toxicity
(Harborne, 1982). Several kinds of these glycosides have been identified in
edible plants including :
a. Amygdalin: is cyanogenic disaccharide present in bitter almonds.
b. Linamarin: is cyanogenic monosaccharide found in cassava and linseed.
c. Dhurrin: is also cyanogeneic monosaccharide found in Sudan grass and
sorghum.
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