Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance: Progress and Prospects

416 Pages·2013·6.98 MB·English

by  Jiemin Ma

Breast Cancer Metastasis and Drug Resistance
Aamir Ahmad
Editor
Breast Cancer Metastasis
and Drug Resistance
Progress and Prospects
123
Editor
Aamir Ahmad
School ofMedicine
KarmanosCancer Institute
WayneState University
Detroit, MI
USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-5646-9 ISBN 978-1-4614-5647-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5647-6
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012952583
(cid:2)SpringerScience+BusinessMediaNewYork2013
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Preface
Breast cancer is a deadly disease that continues to disrupt the lives of millions of
womenandtheirfamiliesworldwide,anditisthesecondleadingcauseofcancer-
related deaths in women in the United States. Breast cancer affects one in eight
women in the United States. These statistics are frightening despite decades of
innovative research that led to the development of newer targeted therapies. This
book attempts to comprehensively summarize breast cancer as a disease, the
factors that make it particularly lethal, and the current state of breast cancer
research. The contents are broadly divided into five informal sections as outlined
in the next few paragraphs.
One factor that particularly makes breast cancer deadly is the enormous heter-
ogeneityassociatedwithit.Cellsurfacereceptors,suchasestrogenreceptor(ER),
progesteronereceptor(PR),orHER2/neu(ErbB2)receptor,havebeentargetedfor
therapeutic interventioninbreastcancers withsignificantsuccess. However,even
thishighlysuccessfultargetedapproachhasnotbeenusefulfortreating‘all’breast
cancers, especially those that are negative for these receptors, the triple-negative
breast cancers. Chapters 1 through 6 form the first section of this book. These
chaptersintroducereaderstothemostup-to-datestatistics(Chap.1)andepidemi-
ological data (Chap. 2) on breast cancer; summarize our current understanding of
racialdisparityinbreastcancer(Chap.3);introducethesignalingpathwaysbeing
pursued(Chap.4);commentontheheterogeneityinbreastcancer(Chap.5)andalso
briefthereadersonthechallengesposedbytriple-negativebreastcancers(Chap.6).
Notmuchisknownabout the factors thatmay predisposeindividualstobreast
cancerandthishasalsoresultedindebateonthemodelssystemstobeevaluatedin
modern day breast cancer research. The second section in this book, Chaps. 7
through10,touchesuponsomeofthesetopics.Includedinthissectionisachapter
that links obesity and diabetes to breast cancer (Chap. 7), followed by a chapter
that discusses the clinical and pathological progression ofearly breast cancerinto
aninvasivedisease(Chap.8).Thefinaltwochaptersinthissectionsummarizethe
modelsavailabletobreastcancerresearchers(Chap.9)andalsointroducereaders
to the state-of-the-art 4-dimensional culture models that have been proposed
recently (Chap. 10).
v
vi Preface
Although the rate of mortality from breast cancer has decreased in developed
countries, the incidence of breast cancer has actually risen, all due to early
detection. It is estimated that more than 90 % cancer-related deaths are due,
directly or indirectly, to cancer metastasis. Bone is one of the earliest and most
common sites of breast cancer metastasis. Breast cancer metastasizes to bones in
approximately 70–80 % of patients with advanced disease, and similarly brain
metastasis of breast cancer is also a very challenging clinical problem. It is
believed that 20–40 % of all patients with metastatic cancer end up with brain
metastases.Wecoverthesetopicsinthethirdsectionofthisbook(Chaps.11,12).
These chapters provide detailed information on our current understanding of the
processes of bone (Chap. 11) and brain (Chap. 12) metastases of breast cancer.
In addition to metastatic disease, drug resistance is a major concern for
researchers and clinicians, because it is a big hindrance in the successful
management of cancer patients. A number of targeted therapies are available for
cancersubtypesthataremarkedbytheexpressionofER,PR,andoverexpressionof
HER2.Somecancersdonotrespondtothetherapyatall,rightfromthebeginning,
andotherseventuallydevelopresistancetothetargetedtherapy.Breastcancersthat
haveacquireddrugresistanceareusuallyfarmoreaggressiveanddifficulttotreat.
Section 4 of this book, Chaps. 13 through 15, deals with this clinical problem
associatedwithbreastcancer.Here,readersarefirstintroducedtoclinicalproblems
associated with the resistance to taxanes and anthracyclines in invasive breast
cancers (Chap. 13); followed by the problems and current research on tamoxifen
resistance in ER expressing breast cancers (Chap. 14), and finally we discuss the
resistancemechanismsinHER2overexpressingbreastcancers(Chap.15).
With a better understanding of breast canceras a disease and the various chal-
lengesitposes,asdetailedinthefirstfoursectionsofthisbook,wefinallyshowcase
thecurrentstateofbreastcancerresearchinSect.5(Chaps.16through22).Welook
at the novel molecular targets/signalingpathways being pursued,and also present
the cutting edge approaches to better understand and tackle this disease. We start
withalookatsomepromisingnovelchemicalcompoundsfortherapy(Chap.16),
andthensummarizeourunderstandingofNotchsignalingpathwayinbreastcancer
(Chap. 17). The next two chapters introduce readers to systems biology approach
(Chap.18)andepigeneticsapproach(Chap.19),thetwoupcomingareasofbreast
cancer research. We round off by discussing the current understanding of cancer
stem cellsandmiRNAs inbreastcancer progressionand therapeutics.Chapter20
introduces readers to these two exciting areas of research, and finally readers are
briefed on the therapeutic potential of cancer stem cells (Chap. 21) and miRNAs
(Chap.22)withparticularnoteonhowthesefieldsofbreastcancerresearchhave
advancedinlastfewyears.
It is an honor to be able to work with the experts and leading scientists in
individualfields,andbeabletocompilethisverycomprehensivevolumedetailing
almost all the aspects of current breast cancer research. I take this opportunity to
thankalltheauthorswho,selflessly,workedhardandcontributedtheirknowledge
to this book. My special thanks to the publisher, Springer, for entrusting me with
thisproject,withspecialmentionofFionaSarne,theeditoratthepublishingoffice
Preface vii
for helping me in every way possible. Finally, I cannot thank enough my wife
Huma and daughter Nuha for their unconditional love and support throughout.
Itismypleasuretopresentthisvolumetothescientificcommunityforabetter
understanding of breast cancer. I hope this will help spark new ideas and inno-
vative research for the benefit of scores of patients dealing with this deadly
disease.
Aamir Ahmad
Contents
1 Breast Cancer Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Jiemin Ma and Ahmedin Jemal
2 Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Steven S. Coughlin and Yasmin Cypel
3 The Complexities of Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . 35
Joy Tang, Aamir Ahmad and Fazlul H. Sarkar
4 Major Signaling Pathways Involved in Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . 47
Saba Wasim Aziz and Moammir Hasan Aziz
5 Breast Cancer Heterogeneity in Primary
and Metastatic Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Jodi M. Saunus, Amy McCart-Reed, Majid Momeny,
Margaret Cummings and Sunil R. Lakhani
6 Understanding Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ayca Gucalp and Tiffany A. Traina
7 The Biology of the Deadly Love Connection Between Obesity,
Diabetes, and Breast Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Bin Bao, Anthony Oraha, Aamir Ahmad, Shadan Ali, Yiwei Li,
Asfar S. Azmi, Sanjeev Banerjee and Fazlul H. Sarkar
8 Progression of Early Breast Cancer to an Invasive Phenotype . . . 143
Connor D. MacMillan, Ann F. Chambers and Alan B. Tuck
ix
x Contents
9 Pre-Clinical Modeling of Breast Cancer:
Which Model to Choose? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Claire Nash and Valerie Speirs
10 Modeling Breast Cancer Progression in 4-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Mansoureh Sameni, Stefanie R. Mullins, Kamiar Moin,
Bonnie F. Sloane and Kingsley Osuala
11 Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Takae M. Brewer, Richard L. Theriault and Naoto T. Ueno
12 CellularandMolecularMechanismsInvolvedinBreaching
oftheBlood–BrainBarrierbyCirculatingBreastCancerCells. . . 211
Hava Karsenty Avraham, Shuxian Jiang, Lili Wang,
Yigong Fu and Shalom Avraham
13 Resistance to Anthracyclines and Taxanes in Breast Cancer . . . . 227
Derek Edwardson, Simon Chewchuk and Amadeo M. Parissenti
14 Understanding Tamoxifen Resistance of Breast Cancer
Based on Integrative Bioinformatics Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Y. Dai and L. Huang
15 Current Understanding of Drug Resistance Mechanisms
and Therapeutic Targets in HER2 Overexpressing
Breast Cancers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Aamir Ahmad and Fazlul H. Sarkar
16 Platinum and Ruthenium Complexes for the Therapy
of Breast Cancer Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Bernhard Biersack and Rainer Schobert
17 Development of Notch Pathway Inhibitors
for Cancer Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Ingrid Espinoza and Lucio Miele
18 Systems Biology Approaches in Breast Cancer Studies. . . . . . . . . 329
Zhiwei Wang, Shavali Shaik, Hiroyuki Inuzuka and Wenyi Wei
19 Epigenetic Factors in Breast Cancer Progression. . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Samriddhi Shukla and Syed Musthapa Meeran
Contents xi
20 Breast Cancer Stem Cells and miRNAs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Saurabh Singh
21 Breast Cancer Stem Cells: Responsible for Therapeutic
Resistance and Relapse?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Hasan Korkaya and Fayaz Malik
22 MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Research:
Progress and Promise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Alia Ahmed, Ashhar S. Ali, Shadan Ali, Aamir Ahmad,
Philip A. Philip and Fazlul H. Sarkar
23 Erratum to: Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1
Takae M. Brewer, Richard L. Theriault and Naoto T. Ueno