Braddom's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

1387 Pages·2020·102.932 MB·English

by  David X. Cifu MD

Braddom’s Physical Medicine
and Rehabilitation
SIXTH EDITION
Editor-in-Chief
David X. Cifu, MD
Associate Dean of Innovation and System Integration
Herman J. Flax, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Richmond, Virginia;
Senior TBI Specialist, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Washington, DC;
Principal Investigator
Long-term Impact of Military-relevant Brain Injury Consortium - Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (LIMBIC-CENC)
Central Virginia VA Health Care System/Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia
Associate Editors
Blessen C. Eapen, MD Henry L. Lew, MD, PhD, ABPMR, CCC-A
Chief, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Professor and Chair
VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders
Associate Clinical Professor John A. Burns School of Medicine
Department of Medicine University of Hawai’i at Mānoa
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Honolulu, Hawaii;
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Adjunct Professor
Los Angeles, California Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine
Jeffery S. Johns, MD Richmond, Virginia
Associate Professor Michelle A. Miller, MD
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Assistant Clinical Professor
Medical Director Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital The Ohio State University;
Nashville, Tennessee Section Chief
Pediatric Physical Medicine
Karen Kowalske, MD Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Columbus, Ohio
Professor
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Gregory Worsowicz, MD, MBA
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas Professor of Clinical Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri

Elsevier
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899
BRADDOM’S PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION,
SIXTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-62539-5
Copyright © 2021 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notice
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances
in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should
be made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or
contributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2016, 2011, 2007, 2000, and 1996.
International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-62539-5
Content Strategist: Humayra R. Khan
Senior Content Development Specialist: Ann Ruzycka Anderson
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Health Content Management Specialist: Kristine Feeherty
Design Direction: Ryan Cook
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to my parents, John and Rosa,
who made me all that I am; my children, Brie and Belle,
who remind me to look to the horizon;
and to my love, Hilary, who makes it all worthwhile.
A special thank you to Randy Braddom for the legacy that
started this textbook and for his ongoing support.
Thank you to my amazingly supportive colleagues, staff,
and trainees all across Virginia Commonwealth University,
including in the School of Medicine and the Department of Physical
Medicine and Rehabilitation, for their mentorship,
their friendship, and the time to complete this project.
Thank you to the wonderful members of the Office of Rehabilitation
and Prosthetic Services in the U.S Department of Veterans Affairs
for all they do for America’s Veterans and Service Members
and for allowing me the time to complete this project.
Thank you to the thousands of patients and their family members
who allowed me to participate in their care over the years;
you have taught me so much.
Thank you to my family, friends, and other loved ones
for your ongoing support that allows me to pursue my work and career.
v

Contributors
Denise M. Ambrosi, MS, CCC-SLP W. David Arnold, MD
Director of Accreditation Associate Professor
Quality and Compliance Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; Neuromuscular Division
Assistant Professor Department of Neurology
Communication Sciences and Disorders Physiology and Cell Biology
MGH Institute of Health Professions Neuroscience
Charlestown, Massachusetts The Ohio State University
3 Rehabilitation of Swallowing Disorders Columbus, Ohio
40 Motor Neuron Diseases
Michael Andary, MD, MS
Professor Arash Asher, MD
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Director, Cancer Survivorship and Rehabilitation
Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute
Residency Director, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Sparrow Hospital Los Angeles, California
East Lansing, Michigan 29 Cancer Rehabilitation
8 Electrodiagnostic Medicine
James W. Atchison, DO
Karen L. Andrews, MD Chair
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic Florida
Rochester, Minnesota Jacksonville, Florida
24 Prevention and Management of Chronic Wounds 16 Manipulation, Traction, and Massage
25 Vascular Diseases
Rita Ayyangar, MBBS
Thiru M. Annaswamy, MD, MA Associate Professor
Professor Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of Michigan
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; Ann Arbor, Michigan
Section Chief, Spine and Electrodiagnostic Sections 48 Myelomeningocele and Other Spinal Dysraphisms
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service
VA North Texas Health Care System Kim D.D. Barker, MD
Dallas, Texas Associate Professor
7 Quality and Outcome Measures for Medical Rehabilitation Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
17 Physical Agent Modalities University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Dallas, Texas
Dixie Aragaki, MD 1 The Physiatric History and Physical Examination
Professor
Department of Medicine Touré Barksdale, MD
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Mayo Clinic/Mayo Clinic Health System
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Program Director Mayo Clinic
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Mankato, Minnesota
VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System 29 Cancer Rehabilitation
Los Angeles, California
6 Occupational Medicine and Vocational Rehabilitation
vi
Contributors vii
Karen P. Barr, MD Mary Caldwell, DO
Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Chief, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sports Medicine/Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Orthopaedics VCU Health
West Virginia University Richmond, Virginia
Morgantown, West Virginia 36 Lower Limb Pain and Dysfunction
33 Low Back Disorders
William Carne, PhD
Matthew N. Bartels, MD, MPH Associate Professor
Professor and Chairman of Rehabilitation Medicine Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Virginia Commonwealth University
Chairman, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Richmond, Virginia
Montefiore Medical Center 45 Degenerative Movement Disorders of the Central Nervous System
The Bronx, New York
27 Acute Medical Conditions: Cardiopulmonary Disease, Priya Chandan, MD, MPH
Medical Frailty, and Renal Failure Assistant Professor
Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Stacey A. Bennis, MD University of Louisville
Assistant Professor Louisville, Kentucky
Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation 45 Degenerative Movement Disorders of the Central Nervous System
Obstetrics and Gynecology
Loyola University Medical Center Shih-Ching Chen, MD, PhD
Maywood, Illinois Professor
38 Pelvic Floor Disorders Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Director
Theresa F. Berner, OTR/L, ATP Research Center of Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive
Rehabilitation Clinical Manager Technology
Occupational Therapist Taipei Medical University
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Taipei, Taiwan
Columbus, Ohio 19 Assistive Technology and Environmental Control Devices
14 Wheelchairs and Seating Systems
Wen-Shiang Chen, MD, PhD
Cathy Bodine, PhD, CCC-SLP Professor
Associate Professor Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Bioengineering College of Medicine
University of Colorado National Taiwan University;
Denver, Colorado Director
19 Assistive Technology and Environmental Control Devices Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
National Taiwan University Hospital
Jaclyn Bonder, MD Taipei, Taiwan
Assistant Professor 17 Physical Agent Modalities
Rehabilitation Medicine
Weill Cornell Medical College Andrea Cheville, MD, MDCE
New York, New York Professor
38 Pelvic Floor Disorders Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Director of Lymphedema and Cancer Rehabilitation Services
Angeline Bowman, MD Mayo Clinic
Assistant Professor Rochester, Minnesota
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 29 Cancer Rehabilitation
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan Li-Wei Chou, MD, PhD
48 Myelomeningocele and Other Spinal Dysraphisms Director and Professor
Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science
Thomas N. Bryce, MD China Medical University;
Professor Chairman
Rehabilitation and Human Performance Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Asia University Hospital;
New York, New York Attending Physician
49 Spinal Cord Injury Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
China Medical University Hospital
Taichung, Taiwan
17 Physical Agent Modalities
viii Contributors
Jeffrey M. Cohen, MD Katherine Louise Dec, MD
Clinical Professor Professor
Rehabilitation Medicine Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
NYU School of Medicine; Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine;
Medical Director, Medically Complex Rehabilitation Professor
Rusk Rehabilitation Orthopaedic Surgery
NYU Langone Health Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine;
New York, New York Past President
28 Chronic Medical Conditions: Pulmonary Disease, Organ American Medical Society for Sports Medicine;
Transplantation, and Diabetes Director, Sports Medicine and Performance
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Rory A. Cooper, PhD Virginia Commonwealth University Health Systems
Director Richmond, Virginia
Human Engineering Research Laboratories 36 Lower Limb Pain and Dysfunction
VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System;
Associate Dean for Inclusion Andrew Cullen Dennison, Sr., MD
SHRS and FISA/Paralyzed Veterans of America Distinguished Adjunct Assistant Professor
Professor Rehabilitation Medicine
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Emory University;
University of Pittsburgh Medical Director of Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Shepherd Center
14 Wheelchairs and Seating Systems Atlanta, Georgia
44 Stroke Rehabilitation
Rosemarie Cooper, MPT/ATP
Assistant Professor Michael J. DePalma, MD
Department of Rehabilitation Science and Technology President and Medical Director
University of Pittsburgh; Virginia iSpine Physicians, PC;
Director, Center for Assistive Technology Director
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Interventional Spine Care Fellowship Program
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Virginia iSpine Physicians, PC;
14 Wheelchairs and Seating Systems Director of Research
Virginia Spine Research Institute, Inc.
Anita Craig, DO Richmond, Virginia
Assistant Professor 32 Common Neck Problems
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Michigan Kelly M. Derby, MS, APRN, CNS
Ann Arbor, Michigan Clinical Nurse Specialist
41 Neuropathies Department of Nursing
Mayo Clinic
Edan A. Critchfield, PsyD, ABPP Rochester, Minnesota
Clinical Neuropsychologist 24 Prevention and Management of Chronic Wounds
Psychology
South Texas Veterans Healthcare System Carmen P. DiGiovine, PhD, ATP/SMS, RET
San Antonio, Texas Clinical Associate Professor
4 Psychological Assessment and Intervention in Rehabilitation Director of Rehabilitation Science and Technology
Assistive Technology Center
Deepthi S. Cull, MD, CPE, FAAPM&R The Ohio State University
Encompass Health Deaconess Rehabilitation Hospital Columbus, Ohio
Newburgh, Indiana 14 Wheelchairs and Seating Systems
7 Quality and Outcome Measures for Medical Rehabilitation
Timothy Dillingham, MD, MS
Aaron Danison, DO Professor and Chairman
Physician Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Neurosurgery The University of Pennsylvania
Vidant Medical Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Greenville, North Carolina 8 Electrodiagnostic Medicine
13 Spinal Orthoses
Carole Dodge, OTRL, CHT
Arthur J. De Luigi, DO, MHSA Allied Health Supervisor
Chair Occupational Therapy
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Michigan Medicine
Mayo Clinic Arizona University of Michigan
Scottsdale, Arizona Ann Arbor, Michigan
39 Sports Medicine and Adaptive Sports 11 Upper Limb Orthotic Devices
Contributors ix
David F. Drake, MD Jonathan Finnoff, DO, FACSM, FAMSSM
Associate Professor Professor
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Virginia Commonwealth University; Mayo Clinic
Director, Interventional and Integrative Pain Medicine Rochester, Minnesota;
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service Chief Medical Officer
Central Virginia VA Healthcare System United States Olympic and Paralympic Committee
Richmond, Virginia Colorado Springs, Colorado
18 Integrative Medicine in Rehabilitation 35 Upper Limb Pain and Dysfunction
Daniel Dumitru, MD, PhD Gerard E. Francisco, MD
Professor Professor and Chair
Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Texas Health Science Center University of Texas Health Science (UTHealth) McGovern
San Antonio, Texas Medical School
8 Electrodiagnostic Medicine Houston, Texas
23 Spasticity
Jason Edinger, DO
Assistant Professor Kevin Franzese, DO
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Assistant Professor
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh
43 Traumatic Brain Injury University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Miguel X. Escalon, MD, MPH 43 Traumatic Brain Injury
Associate Professor
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Vincent Gabriel, MSc, MD, FRCPC
Icahn School of Medicine Clinical Associate Professor
New York, New York Clinical Neurosciences, Pediatrics, and Surgery
49 Spinal Cord Injury University of Calgary
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Reuben Escorpizo, PT, DPT, MSc 26 Burns
Clinical Associate Professor
Doctor of Physical Therapy Program Gary N. Galang, MD
Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science Director of TBI Services
The University of Vermont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Burlington, Vermont; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Adjunct Research Scientist Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Swiss Paraplegic Research 43 Traumatic Brain Injury
Nottwil, Switzerland
6 Occupational Medicine and Vocational Rehabilitation Justin J. Gasper, DO
St. Louis, Missouri
James E. Eubanks, MD, DC, MS 32 Common Neck Problems
Resident Physician
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Lance L. Goetz, MD
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Associate Professor
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
16 Manipulation, Traction, and Massage Virginia Commonwealth University;
Staff Physician
Gabriel Sunn Felsen, MD, FAAPMR Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders
Associate Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center
University of Miami; Richmond, Virginia
Spinal Cord Injury and Wound Rehabilitation Physician 20 Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Miami VA Healthcare System
Miami, Florida James W. Hall III, PhD
13 Spinal Orthoses Professor
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii;
Professor
Osborne College of Audiology
Salus University
Elkins Park, Pennsylvania
50 Auditory, Vestibular, and Visual Impairments
x Contributors
R. Norman Harden, MD Lin-Fen Hsieh, Doctor of Medicine
Senior Associate Editor, Pain Medicine Adjunct Professor
Addison Chair in Pain Studies School of Medicine
Professor Fu Jen Catholic University
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation New Taipei City, Taiwan;
Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movements Attending Physician (Former Director)
Sciences Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Northwestern University Shin Kong Wo Ho-Su Memorial Hospital
Chicago, Illinois Taipei, Taiwan
37 Chronic Pain 31 Rheumatologic Rehabilitation
Mark A. Harrast, MD Wei-Li Hsu, PT, PhD
Clinical Professor Associate Professor
Departments of Rehabilitation Medicine, Orthopaedics, and School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy
Sports Medicine National Taiwan University;
University of Washington School of Medicine; Physical Therapist
Medical Director Physical Therapy Center
Sports Medicine Center at Husky Stadium; National Taiwan University Hospital
Program Director Taipei, Taiwan
Sports Medicine Fellowship 31 Rheumatologic Rehabilitation
University of Washington School of Medicine;
Medical Director Vincent Huang, MD
Seattle Marathon Assistant Professor
Seattle, Washington Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance
39 Sports Medicine and Adaptive Sports Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, New York
Julie A. Hastings, MD 49 Spinal Cord Injury
Assistant Professor
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Elizabeth Huntoon, MS, MD
Creighton University School of Medicine - Phoenix Campus; Associate Professor
Assistant Clinical Professor Program Director Pain Medicine Fellowship
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Arizona College of Medicine Virginia Commonwealth University
Phoenix, Arizona Richmond, Virginia
22 Sexual Dysfunction and Disability 36 Lower Limb Pain and Dysfunction
Radha Holavanahalli, PhD Sarah K. Hwang, MD
Professor Assistant Professor
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Shirley Ryan AbilityLab;
Dallas, Texas Assistant Professor
26 Burns Obstetrics and Gynecology
Northwestern University
Amy Houtrow, MD, PhD, MPH Chicago, Illinois
Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Pediatrics 38 Pelvic Floor Disorders
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Shoji Ishigami, MD, PhD
7 Quality and Outcome Measures for Medical Rehabilitation Assistant Professor
Interventional Spine Clinic
David Hryvniak, DO Department of Neurosurgery
Assistant Professor West Virginia University School of Medicine
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation WVU Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute
University of Virginia; Martinsburg, West Virginia
Team Physician 32 Common Neck Problems
University of Virginia Athletics
Charlottesville, Virginia; Therese M. Jacobson, DNP, APRN, CNS, CWOCN
Team Physician Nursing Quality Specialist
James Madison University Athletics Nursing
Harrisonburg, Virginia Mayo Clinic
15 Therapeutic Exercise Rochester, Minnesota
24 Prevention and Management of Chronic Wounds