Table Of ContentBiology 5
Biology 5
Cell Biology and Genetics
By Mr. Charles K.Twesigye
African Virtual university
Université Virtuelle Africaine
Universidade Virtual Africana
African Virtual University 1
NOTICE
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Biology 5, Cell Biology and Genetics____________________________3
II. Prerequisite Course or Knowledge _____________________________3
III. Time ____________________________________________________3
IV. Materials_________________________________________________4
V. Module Rationale __________________________________________4
VI. Overview_________________________________________________5
6.1 Outline _____________________________________________6
6.2 Graphic Organizer ____________________________________8
VII. General Objective(s) ________________________________________9
VIII. Specific Learning Objectives_________________________________10
IX. Pre-Assessment One ______________________________________12
9.1 Rationale __________________________________________12
9.2 Pedagogical Comment For Learners______________________19
X. Key Concepts (Glossary) ___________________________________19
XI. Compulsory Readings _____________________________________22
XII. Compulsory Resources ____________________________________29
XIII. Useful Links _____________________________________________32
XIV. Learning Activities ________________________________________42
XV. Synthesis Of The Module __________________________________136
XVI. Summative Evaluation ____________________________________138
XVII.References _____________________________________________142
XVIII. Main Author of The Module________________________________143
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I. Biology 5, Cell Biology and Genetics
By Mr. Charles K.Twesigye, Kyambogo University and
Prof William J Fraser, University of Pretoria.
1.
Illustration of the nucleus (1), endoplasmic reticulum (3 and 4), Golgi apparatus
(8) and ribosomes (5) of an animal cell retrieved from http://en.wikibooks.org/
wiki/General_Biology/Cells/Cell_Structure on 4th of November 2006.
II. Prerequisite Course or Knowledge
You should have an understanding of mitotic cell division and the cell cycle,
cell and cell structure, diploid and haploid phases of sexual life-cycles and
gamatogenesis before starting on this module. These topics are covered in units
on cells, the origin of life and continuity of life normally taken at advanced
levels of school biology.
III. Time
120 hours
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IV. Materials
This module covers Cell Biology and Genetics. Section A of the module introduces
molecular and structural organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, while
section B includes a detailed study of classical transmission of genetic informa-
tion and provides an introduction to the principles of genetics. To achieve these
outcomes, you will be given the opportunity to engage with on-line learning
experiences where the specific websites have been linked to the learning content
and also to access the learning content by means of CD-Rom and hard copies.
We have also recommended your participation in a number of laboratory and
field-related activities during the course of the module.
Section of a protein structure showing serine and alanine residues linked together
by peptide bonds. Carbons are shown in white and hydrogens are omitted for
clarity (Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins on 5 November 2006).
V. Module Rationale
The purpose with this module is to give you a better understanding of cellular
biology in order to prepare you for the complicated biochemical and physiological
processes to follow. The module also focuses on genetics as it relates to the
function and structures of cells. The learning experiences you are about to
encounter in this module will also serve as a foundation for further studies in
advanced molecular biology and biochemistry. The module has been designed in
such a way that your personal study skills will enable you work more effectively
through the learning and assessment tasks. Although you might not have direct
access to a laboratory where you would be able to study cells microscopically,
the module will prepare you for such encounter as well as the application of the
science process skills in the science classroom. We will also suggest a number of
alternative options to practical work to you in this module.supplemental to the
work done in this module.
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A three-dimensional diagram of the animal cell, including its organelles taken
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_cell on 4 November 2006.
VI. Overview
Rod-shaped bacterium, E. coli (prokaryote) dividing by binary fission taken from
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html on
27th August 2006.
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6.1 Outline
We have structured the module for you into two main sections namely Cell Biology
and Genetics. Section A will introduce you to cells (cell theory),the molecular
and structural organizations of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (emphasis on
eukaryotic cells). Other topics to be covered under section A include cell divi-
sion, nucleic acids, colloidal systems(enzyme kinetics and metabolisms) and tech-
niques in cell biology. Section B starts with the history of genetics and moves on
to genetic code and chromosomal theory(multiple alleles, sex linkages traits,
crossing-over and mapping). This section also covers mutations and variations;
elements of population genetics and the application of genetics in biotechnology,
agriculture, medicine and industry. The section will also introduce you to
principles of genetics with specific reference to the classical transmission of
genetic information. It is necessary to have a better understanding of the struc-
ture and function of cells (Section A) before you can link any advanced process
such as cell division and the transfer of characteristics (Section B) to cell
characteristics.
Role of the Golgi apparatus in forming lysosomes taken from the website http://
www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html. The latter
site was granted permission from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th
Edition, by Sinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman
(www.whfreeman.com) to use the illustration.
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The content of the module can be outlined as follows:
Unit Topic Theory Practical Total
Time Time Time
5.1.1 Introduction to cells
(cell theory and discovery)
5.1.2 Prokaryote and Eukaryote cells 15 15 30
(General features)
5.1.3 Structure and functions of cell
organelles(Eukaryotic cell,ER,Golgi
apparatus, cell membrane,etc)
5.1.4 Cell division (mitosis, control of 10 10 20
cell growth, meiosis
5.1.5 Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) and
Protein synthesis
5.1.6 Colloidal systems (enzyme kinetics 5 5 10
and metabolism)
5.1.7 Techniques in Cell Biology (microscopic
and cytological techniques)
5.2.1 History of genetics (mendelism)
5.2.2 An overview of genetic code and 10 10 20
chromosomal theory(multiple alleles,
sex linkage traits, crossing-over and mapping
5.2.3 Mutations and variation (chromosomal
aberrations, gene mutations
5.2.4 Elements of Population and
quantitative genetics genetics 15 15 30
( Phylogenetic variations,
DNA-polymorphism, random mating,
Hardy-Weinberg principle, Causes of evolution
5.2.5 Application of genetics in
Biotechnology (Bio-safety issues 5 5 10
Genetic engineering in Agriculture,
Medicine, Industry etc.)
60 60 120
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6.2 Graphic Organizer
"(cid:1) History of genetics
"Genetic code and chromosomal theory Introduction to genetics "(cid:1) Prokaryote cells
"(cid:1) Multiple alleles Cell biology, cell microscopy and cell structure "(cid:1) Eukaryote cells
"(cid:1) Cell structure and function
"(cid:1) Phylogenic or genetic variations
"(cid:1) DNA-polymorphism "(cid:1) DNA and RNA
"(cid:1) Random mating Population and quantitative genetics Cell division "(cid:1) Mitosis
CCeellll bbiioollooggyy aanndd GGeenneettiiccss
"(cid:1) Hardy-Weinberg principle "(cid:1) Miosis
"(cid:1) Causes of evolution
"(cid:1) Enzymes and enzyme activity
Colloidal systems
"(cid:1) Biosafety issues "(cid:1) Metabolism
Application of genetics in Biotechnology
"(cid:1) Genetic engineering in Agriculture, etc
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VII. General Objective(s)
When you have mastered this module, you should have achieved the following
general objectives:
1. To understand the cell theory and its scientific discovery.
2. To understand the gross and the fine structures of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
3. To demonstrate and describe the structure and functions of cell organelles.
4. To describe and demonstrate the process of cell division.
5. To understand the nature and structure of nucleic acids and their role in
protein synthesis.
6. To describe the chemical nature of enzymes and their role in metabolism.
7. To effectively explain and demonstrate the use of the light microscopy and
related techniques in the study of cells.
8. To describe Mendel’s breeding experiments and explain Mendel’s results
in terms of the particulate theory of inheritance.
9. To examine the genetic code and the chromosomal theory.
10. To describe mutations and their role in causing variation in populations.
11. To explain the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium .
12. Describe application of genetics in biotechnology and demonstrate the
scientific relevance of these principles to society and our everyday lives in
general.
