Before Adam Smith: Emergence of Political Economy, 1662-1776

436 Pages·1988·18.45 MB·English

by  T.W. Hutchison

BeforAed an1 Sn1ith
TheE meregncoef
PolitiEccaoln omy1,6 62-1776
TERENCHEu TCHISON

1
TheP eiroda ndi tSst atringo-ipnt
Importapnito neesrc holoafr economitch oughtth ougKha rl Marx
undoubtewdalsy, vheirss ioofni thsi stosreye m-st o thwirsi tearta, n y
rat-et oc ontamiunc h that ccarliltsi cfWiohsram t.r emainhso,w ever,
oft heh ighevsatl uies,M arx'asp erre(gua rdtihnego utstandcirnega tive
impetugsi vetnQ t hea dvancoef p olitieccaoln omiyn t hes eventeenth
centubryyS irW illiPaemt tSyi.m ilavrallyu abilsMe a rx'rse cogniotfi on
theg reamte ritosft hew ritinogfPs e ttys'usc cessiontr hse 1 00y earosr
sob efortehe a ppearaonfcT eh eW ealotfN ha tiion1n 7s7 6.
On theo thehra ndt,h ougMha rx'vse rdiocntP ettays' onoef t hem ost
giftaendd o riginoafel c onomic investsiegeamtseo nrtsi'r,je ulsyt h,i s
nominatoifoS ni rW illiaasm' thfeo undoefrm oderpno liteiccoanlo my'
(195115,)i sn otv erhye lpfTuol c.l aitmh aatn yo nei ndividAurails-totle,
Pettoyr A damS mit-hw as' thfeo undeorfp' o liteiccoanlo miys b ound
tob eh ighqluye stionsaibnlciee,ti sd iffictuola tc cetphta atn yo nep erson
alonceo uhladvef oundetdh es ubjeNcotr.d ow e agreteh aPte ttyb'rsi ef
suggestoifot nh ei deoa fa n economi'cs urpleuist'h pelra yead v ery
importarnotli en h isw orko rc onstitau mtaeisnr easofno rh olditnhga t
Pettyw'rsi tinmgasr ka majortu rning-pionit nhteh istoorfyp olitical
economyN.o r,m oreovedro,w e acceMpatr x'cso nceptoifo' nc lassical'
politeiccoanlo maysb eginnwiintgPh e ttayn,d r unnionngt hrouLgohc ke,
Hume,S teuaQrute,s naSym,i thJ,a meMsi laln dR icarddoo,w nt oa bout
183-0 thaits u,n tijlu sbte forMea rxh imsetlofo ku p thes ubjeTchte.
view,o r definition, widelyt odaadyao,cp ctoerdd itnog w hicht he
ascendaonfcc yl asspioclailt eiccoanlo miyn B ritain sllaisgtheltdel stysh an
100y earfsr om, rou1g7h7l6uy n,t i1l8 71s,e emrse asonaabdleyq uaatned
justifiaFbolrei .tw asw itht hep ublicaotfiT onh eW ealotfNh a tiionn s
1776t hatth er isteo d ominanccaen b e traocfet dh efi rsmta jor, modern
theoretoirctahlo dowxhyi,c hi,nB ritalianr,g eelxyc ludoerdo ,b literated,
4 Inturcotdion
someo ft hem osts ignifiicdaenartse garduitnigl aintdyv aluaeg,g regate
demanda nde mploymenatn,de xpectatainodnu sn certaiwnhtiyc,hh ad
emergeidnt hep recedcienngt uorfyt heoretpilcuarla lism.
Thibso oki sc oncernweidt hwh atm ayb ec alltehdep re-claspseirciaold
ofs lighotvley1r 0 0y earbse fo1r7e 76w,h icmha yb es aitdo h aveb egun
witht hea ppearaonfcP ee ttyfi'rss atn dm osti mportawnotr ki n1 662.1
Ofc oursteh,e riesb ountdo b es omethianrgb itraanrday r tifiicnit arly ing
tom arko uta nyp erioodfsh istoriyn,e vitatbhloeu giht i st hastu ch
attempsthso ulbde m ade.T heraer eo bvious dainngs eeresk itnogl ay
downs uchd emarcatwiiotnhms u chr igidoirtp yr ecisiBount1. 6 62l,i ke
1776a nd1 871s,e emas r easonasbilgyn ificaanndst u itaybelaetr o t akaes
markintgh eo penionfga newp eriiodnt heh istoorfey c onomtihco ught.
II
Marx'esm phasoinst heo riginaalnidit myp ortaonfcP ee ttyw'osr ka,n d
ont hev aluoef t hec ontribuotifho insss u ccessoovresrt hen excte ntury
ors o,h asm uchm erint,o ts implbye cauisted oesj ustitcoPe e ttTyh.e
fullreerc ogniotfit ohnew orko fP ettayn dh issu ccessmoarkse pso ssible
a muchm oreb alancaenddi lluminavtiienwog f t heh istoorfye conomic
thougbhetf or1e7 7-6 andi ndeeodft hew holhei stoorfyt hes ubject.
FirsMta,r x'rse cogniotfiP oent tym'asj oirm portainmcpel iaer se jection
oft hec lassviiceawpl r oclaibmyeJ d.B .S aya,n ds tiallli avned w eltlo day,
thapto liteiccoanlo mhya dn oh istoorryv ,i rtuanlohl iys tobreyf,o 1r7e7 6,
oro nlya disconnepcrtee-dh istory.
2
SecondlMya,r x'osb servatdieoanr osu to ft hew ay mucho ft he
obfuscatciroena tbeydt hee xcessainvdei ndiscrimuisneoa ftt eh et erm
'mercantiwlhiismc'hh, a ss oc onfustehdeh istoorfye conomtihco ught
andp oliceyv ers incAed am Smithm,a inlfyo rp olemicpaulr poses,
introdutcheedi deao f 'thme ercantsiylset ema's a comprehensive
descripotfit ohnep olicoifeh si sp redecessors.
Thet ermm ercantinleiesdmn oth,o wevebre,r egardaesds of atally
confusaisnt gob ec ompletuenluys abWlee a.r en otf ollowtihneeg x ample
oft hel atTe. SA.s htownh oc ompletbealnyi shtehdew ordf romh ibso ok
ont hee conomic hiosftt hoeer iyg hteenth centuBruytt h(e1ri9es5a 5 ).
dangeorfs uggesthiinggh ilnya dequaantdme i sleadcionngc lusiifotn hsi s
ter'mm ercantiilsui ssemid'n g eneralizaabtoiuottnh seh istoorfey c onomic
thougahntd t heorayn,dn otc onfinteodd o ctrianbeosu etc onompiocl icy
orp olirceyc ommendat3i ons.
Heckschdeers crimbeerdc antialsi' stmh eec onompiocl iocyft het ime
betweetnh eM iddlAeg esa ndt hea geo fl aiss(e1z9{5v5ao,il 1.r, 2 e0)'I. t
may- orm ay not- bea dequattoed escritbheee conompiocl icoife s
severcaeln turainedsc ,o untlreesgsi mefso,l lowtihnege ndo ft heM iddle
Agesi,n t ermssi mployf ' mercantilainsm'd'l aissIetiz sc{ earitraei'n.,
howevetrh,a stu cahd ichoitnovmoyal h viegsuh nlsy aaticstfoovreyr simpl­
ificawthieonanp p ldi teoth ee conotmhiocu agnhtdth eoorfim eusc ohf
TheP eraioniddt Sst agr-tpionint 5
thsee ventaenedn tehi gchetneteunTrthihiie spss a .r tictuhcleaa swrehl eyn
thiosv ersimpliisafi pcpalttiioeto dhnpe e riboedt we1e66n2a nd1 776.
Foirn t hpiesr itohfdeor matwiaostn a kingo fwp hlaawtca est oe merge
ast hien dependeonfpt o sluibtjieccatla netdch eoecn oonmoylm;ii tce rature
andt heoorfie tsfh orimsa tpihvaeas reme u ctho coo mplaenxdr ichly
vairegattoe d cbaet egoarsib zeeldo ngingt ot ehieftga h-eerno df
mercantoirtl oai ns me,pa hralosyfle a isseIzit:fes as ipreeci.in aaldleyq uate
andm isleatdoti rntygo f orcpea rticularo fet choipnseo rmiiionsdtt os
eithoenrec ompartomret nhtoe t hoefra mercantlialiissastie rze:f
-
dichotMoamnyy.o, r m osto,f tmhaej owrr it,e forrms Pettvyi,a
MandevainlCdla en titlolS otne,us airpmlty,c annboect a tegoartai lzle d
adequaitnse ulctyhe rms.
Certatihanedl vya onfec ceo notmhiecof rorymt, h see venttehernotuhg h
thfier shta lofft heei ghteenthw ascc elnotsiuenrltyye, r cownintehc ted
thger owiandgv ocaancday d,v anocffe er,e -maerckoento pmoilci cies,
awafyor ma d irectiond egsecnreiarbsaa elb'rllmcyeai nstttio'lw,a rds what
mighbtec al'lcelda slsiibceBarulatt lh 'te.w od evelopomneoenf tt sh,e
growatnhda dvaonfcp eo sietciovneo tmhieco rainedts h,oe t hoefra
traonrsmfatiinao tnt ittuopd oelsia cryae,n alytdiicsatlilnyg uainsdh able,
shoublekd e pdti stingiuafi schhleeidas,rt oarciccoaeulin tth,ep ro liioefcs
oro ft heoriiste obs e, achOifec voeudr.is ne ,t eorf'm mse rcantilism'
an'd/ iasseizro:feua'r starotf1i 6n62gi sod fla ittoetr nl oes ignificance.
Moreovtehrr,o ugthhoseue tv entaenedmn utchho ft heei ghteenth
centutrhieewrsee,r a etl eatswtod istsitnrcetoa fme sc onotmhiocu ght
andl iterwahtiucflrhoe w emda inilnyd epenodfeo nnteal nyo thTehre.
histoofre yc onotmhiocu agtht th is dtoienmsoe ct o nssiismtpa lnyd
soloeflty hm ee rcanltiitleirsmatot sutrilenpy, a mphfloremto, nc urrent
policy pTrhoebwrlaeesa mn so.t shterreo afim d eas ewvheincthwu aasl ly
top rovaer,g uaobfgl ryte,ea sri gnififcorat nhtcehe e orfeoutnidcaatli ons
ofp olietciocnaolTm hye.ws eer teh e iodfte hnaeas t uraplh-illaows ophers,
whicwhe roeff undameinmtpaolr tfaornt chfeeor matoifot nhs eu bject,
nootn lbye catuhseey inttrhocedo uncceeodpfa t n sa tuorradlae nrod f
naturablu atll asfworot hneu cloefu sv aanlpdur ei ce thetohrey which
writionftg hse pshei losocpohnetrrsia b nuutceldwe,hu isc hha dc ome
dowfnor mA ristotlsec hvoilaaH suttghGioerc ost.(i 18u35s- 16,s4 h5t)olry
befotrhebe e ginonfio nugrp eriaonddS, a muPeulef ndo(r61f3 2-,9 4)
shorattfleyr beigtisn ncionngt,it nhutiersd a idoint.
Anya ttemtphteo,rr eetf,oc oveorrc, a tegotrheiecz oen,o tmhiocu ght
oft hpiesr iboyad n a ll-embarpapcliincogaf tt hiteoe nr' mm ercantilism'
woulddi sreagv airtdai lmlpyo retlaenmtie nn t etchoen otmhiecoo rfy
thtisi mAe f.ur thienra deqwuhaicctyhh t ee r'mm ercanitsai plttio s m'
encouriasag gee,n edriaslr eogfat rhiedn telloerec ptiusatle mological
qual-iotrly a cokfi t- oft hwei devlayr ywirnigt itnowg hsi ciht is
applSiuecdah.n u ncriattitciaitlssu pdee ciuanljluryse tg arwdriintge rs
like aPnedCt atnyt iwlhlooe nm,b aroknea d s erious taort atiesmep t
intellsetcatnudbaaylrt dhesex pliinctirto doufcn teiwmo ent hodological
distinacntcdir ointse ria.
6 Inturcotdion
III
Ith ardsleye mnse cestsoa redyne dffur thtehrse e lecotf1i 77o6no, r o f
somnee ighboyueraiarns,mg a rkitnhgee n do fo nep eriaondd the
beginonfit nhngee xTth.i gsr eyaeta( r71 76o)r,a n otnheearbr y( such
as1 970a,d opbtyeS dc hmupet,eh raf)ser quenbteleyn buysh eids torians
ofe conotmhiocu agshm ta rkiamn agj odriv idliinnTgeh .e irsem orteo
bes aihdo,w evreerg,a rtdhicenh go iocf1e 66 2a sa s tardtaitneg.
Periiontd hshe i stoofer cyo nomic atruheso uuamglohlstayt p propriately
markoeffdb yt hdea toefes p och-mwaokriknrsga, t thhearbn yt hdea tes
of importainnpt o leivtoeirnec tcasol n omic Bhuitts htceoa rsfyeor.
selecatnipyna gr tiyceuaalrsas ri gyniintfgh set artinogr-e pnodoi,fan t,
pericoadbn,e r eionrfciefd dtahtee moajfo wrao rcko incwiidtwehhs a t
isr ecognaisaz nei dm porttuarnnti ngi-npp ooilnitto irec caoln omic
histotrhyee, v enotfws h ichha vseo metimes siingfnliufiecnacnetdl y
econoimdieca s.
Inf catt,h fier syte aorr towfto h 1e66 0ssa wv arivoeurisym portant
newd evelopimnpe onltista incdea clo nohmiisct aosr y,wa esl lti hne
histoofer cyo notmhiocu gIhnEt n.g la1n66d0s, a wth oep enoifna ng e w
polietriwaci atlth h ree storoaft itmohonen arcPheyt.tT yre'ast tisweo,
yealrast wears,i, nf catp,r imadriirleyca ttee xda mintihpnerg i nciples
whicshh ouulndde rpluibele ixcp endainttdua rxea int itohnnee wr egime
-alwa(yinsfo t th cee)n tirsasilunt e hp eo liutpihceaalov fta hlsese venteenth
centiunrE yn glaInn1d 66.1 a n ewa ndr emarkpahbalisenee conomic
polibceygi annF ranwchee,Jn e aBna ptCiosltbeae srstu mtehdedi rection
oft hFer eneccho noumnyd heirys o ung soLvoeurXieIsiV g.n ,
Equailmlpyo rtatnhtie n wfalsuo enpn oclei atniedcc aoln otmhiocu ght
ofth e opurnpodhf ilosoapnshdci iceandlte ivfiecl opomfte hsneet vse nteenth
centuWriyl.lP ieatm(t 61y2 3-8c7a)m seh orattfleByra co(n51 616-216),
Hobb(e51s8 -81679a)n dD esca(r1t6-5e-19s60 5)a nds horbtelfyot rhee
greeaxta mpolfNe e wto(6n14 --2712.7J )ustt hpaehs i losoipdheoiafcs a l
4
sucmhe nw ere gaiv viitinamglp ettou sst thueod fty h nea tusrcaile nces,
soa,l stoh,se t udoyf' traodreo 'fe, c onopmriocb lreemcse,i ved an
imporsttainmtui lntu hsfe or mo fn ewm ethodolfoougnidcaatalin odn s
critIetr nioiaets.n tidreevloyi sdi gonfi fitchaaPntec tetfi yr'sastn d most
imporwtoarnwkta sp ubliisnth heseda myee aarst he incoropfo ration
thReo ySaolC ifeortt yhI em provoifn Nga tural KnoPweltetdyg e. Just as
wasp rooufndilnyf luebnyBc aecdo ann dH obbessoa, l swoa sN orth
influbeynD ceesdc artes.
Thutsh earrere e asnoonotsn ,lf yor mt hien tehrinsatloo fer cyo nomic
thougbhuttf,or mv arieoxutse rdniarlen csti,in ocludinga npdo litical
economic hitshdteeo vreyl oaponmfdpe hnitl osaonpdth hyse c iences,
forr egartdhimeni gd dolfte h see venteentahn d_i,cnp e anrttuircyu,l ar,
theea r1l6y60 sa,sm arkitnhogep enoifna gn ewp eriod.
As regards howevtehren, a rropweerrs peoctfti hvehe iss tory of
,
economtihco uhgtitm ighbte m aintaitnheaadts ignifitcuarnnti ng-point
,
hada lreabdeyer ne achientd h e1 620sw,h ena g readte presosfiE onng lish
TheP eriaoniddt sr tS-itpnagoint 7
trapdreo duac reedm arkoaubtlbeuo rfds etb awthei cihn.c lutdheed
imporctoannttr iboufMt uino,Mna sl ynaensdM isselIdnedne.te hde,
1260msgi hbter egdaerd as proviedxianmg-po lntea mh ue cshfim rasltl er
scaolfec ,o urtshea,on n s ubseqsuueconhct c as-ioofno sn eo ft hose
majroc reactoinvter ovaenrdts uirensi ng-sptoiimnutlbsayp,t r eeds sing
real-pwroorbldls eumcashs,t hRei cardiiannE nygelaiarnns ds t ehceo nd
decaodfte h nei netceeennttauhrn tydh, Ke e ynedseicaanid ne 1t39h0es .
Buatp afrortmt hheu gceo ntirnsa csatal p er,oo ufndsliyg nicfihcaanngte
ini ntellqeucatlmuiuatslybt e n oticed, thbweeo trwkoesfeM nu na nd
hicso ntempoarnadr itoehfsPo ,es teBt oyt.w hr iterpsr iwmearareni dl y,
almoesntt irely,w ictophno cleiarcnnydoe;,fdc ourse, almost inevitably
thewreert eh eoroifse osmk,ei nudn,d erltyhpieon lgid coyc troifbn oetsh
Muna nd PTehtetv yi.td aifelfr enicnqe u ality Mbuent'wwsoe reiknn
th1e26 0asn dP ettwyo'rsfko r m1 662o nwaridsts o,b ef ound tihne
fcatt hsautc thh eoarsci oeusbl esd a tiodu ndeMrulni'peso lciocnyc lusions
werael mocsotm pleitneclhyo ate anwdh iiPlneeet xotpnyl, i tochtieht e,r
handm,a dae f orthripgihotn,e eartitnegtm opr ta itsheqe u alaintdy
reliaobfih liipsto yl iccoyn tribbuytb iaosnitsnh ge omn m uch more
explmiectihto dolcorgiitacenartdlih ae orfeoutnidcaatlFi oohrno sw.e ver
Pettmye'tsh odolaongdi ctahlei odreematasiyb c eaa sls eosrsc erdi ticized,
hew asse ektioin ngt rondeuwic net elloerec ptiusatle mosltoagnidcaarld s,
in which fohlel owwieands , fe driifdnigr ectbiyoa nnsu,m beorf
succesLsoocrkse:, GNroergtohKr,iy n agn do theIrtsi .sf or this
challefnungdianmge mnettahlo doliongniocvaajltut isa osmn u,c ahs f or
its theoretiacnadpl o liiincngyte enrtuehisatPttye, t twyo'rsk may
jsutifibaebr leygd aerda sm arkiann egw s tartinignt- hpheoi isntotof r y
econotmhiocu agnhtdth eoarscy o,n trwaistttheh wder itoinfTg hso mas
Mun ahnicdso ntemposroamfreori teys yeeaarrlsi er.
IV
Havirnogu gdhelfiyn ietdbs o undawreit eusrb,nr ietfloy stehceo ndary
litercaotvuerrteih nipgse rioedc oonfo tmhiocu gThhte.ri esa fiarly
imprersasniovgfsee c holeadriltyi omnosn oagnrdda epahlswi intmgha ny
oft he leadinwgr iitnedrtishv eiwaidrnruid at lit nhgosuq,gu hia tn eu mber
oft heessep,e coifaE lnlgylw iosrhk asr,ne o wfi tfyt o1 00 yeaorls-d
sucahs f,or e xamptlhefie,n ee diiotnbsyC .H .H ulolfP ettwyr'ist ings
(1989),F B.b.y KoafMy aen dev(i91l2l4ea)'n,bsd y H .H igogfCsa ntillon's
Essa(i13 91T)h.e raera el saon umboefri mporsttaundtoi fpe rast icular
aspeocrbt rsa ncohfte hsee c onotmhiocu ogfht th ipse ritoodt ,w oo f
whicIah m v ery miuncdhe bDtoeudg:lV aicsk eSrtsu'di inte hsTe h eory
ofM onye,1 690-17(715699 ,) aWnidl lLieatmw' iTsnh e OroifEg cionnso mic
Scie(n91c6e3 ).
5
Buats trickoinntgir saa pspta rbeenttw eoentn h,oe n hea ntdh,ge r eat
numbemro noofg rpaaprhtssit,au lda inesdsc ,h ollyea dritoifio nndsi vidual
writaenrdso,,nt hoet hhearn tdh,pe a iutcoyfr easoncaobmplrye hensive
histoaricccaolu ntthpsee roiafosa wd h olWei.tt hh oeu tstaenxdcienpgt ion
8 Introduction
especviaalluloaynbo luepr e ri-oofdH enrWy.S piegTehlDe'e sv pemlneot
ofE conoTmhoiguch, tm anyo,rm osto,n e-volume ohfei csotnoormiiecs
thougshttab rytg ivitnhgie m prestshiatothn ae u thioser a gteorh urry
ont ot hpeh ysioacnrda/tAosdr,a m Smainttdhh E en glcilsahs sicals. For,
asM arkB laupgu tist i,n t hef trcshta p-teern tit'lPerde -Adamite
Econom-iocfhs i'ms a stewrolryk' :T heirsge r ecaotn veni-ewnhciec'h
thecreer tacianbnle -y ' ilno okcionmgp rehenastti hvpeer leyd ecessors
ofA damS mitmhu chi nt hes amwea yt hahted id('91 851,)0 .T he
questiisho onw f acro nvenimeanybc eep urchaastte hdee xpenosfe
adequaacnydh, o wf aSrm ithm'etsh oodfrs e fertroci onngt emporaries
andp redeceasraseco cresp ttaobdlaey .
Its houglodw ithosuaty itnhgaS tc humeprec'thsa ptoenor usrp eriod
arceh aractbeyrt ihizele ldu minpartoifnugnw dhiitcdyhi stingaulils hed
hiwsr iti(nsge1se59 4p,a rItIc ,h apt3e-r71s,34 -367)B.u tw ithtihni s
parotfh igsr ebaoto k, cotvheyere ianfrgrs o amb ou1t55 0t o1 970,
chronoloorgdigecorae llsa rgbeylt yh e boIanfr adci.tn t, h ese chapters,
three veorfcs her onoloorgdiiecsmra u lcm ho reev idtehnactnh ronological
ordietrs Feolrfe .x amptlheme,a itnr eatomfeA ndta mS mitahn dT he
Wealcift hN atiocnosm ense atrh bee ginnoifn gtp hair(st1 8f1f. w)h,i le
thdei scusosfti homene rcantoipleinsiwtnisgt,S h i Trh omaGsr esham
(119-579)c,o mes tnheeean rd( 34f2f .).6
Ofc ouristew ,o ulbde a lmoismtp ossailbwlaety osg ivaeb solute
priotroic thyr onoloorgdieucrna,ll e osnsew erteo c ontoennets weiltfh
ac atarlaogiusaeor nreaen,sg terdi cchtrloyn oloOgtihceaprlr liyn.cio pfl es
arrangeimnte enrtom,fsp artibcrualnacrsh uejbcset,ns a,t igornoaulp ings,
ors choomluss,ot f tbeenc onceadneo dv erricdlianiagms w, e lals ,
naturtahlbelr yi,n gtiongge tohfae nir n diviwdouraklBs'u.tsi n sacriftcing
chronoloorgdiecwrah,la tetvheegr a inosrc, o nveniseontmciheen,og f
histosriigcnailf iislc oasintnc,se o afsia tbre commeosr dei fficulfto ltloo w
thgee nedreavle lopomfte hnsetu j bcett hroutgihm e. Moirnet ohviesr ,
earlpieerri oofde conomtihco ugwhhte,ns pecialiinzp aatritoinc ular
brancohfte hsse u jbcetw asm uclhe dsesv elotpheewdro,eu lsde etmob e
lestsog aifnr ofmo llowing out soersp uabr-adtiev tithshaienom ness,
wheonn ies d ealwiintglh a tpeerr iowdhsesn,p ecialhiazddae tvieolno ped
further.
Indeietad p,p etahraistn s omree cetnrte atmoeftn htmeso rien tensely
cultipvaastseadig nte hshe i stoofrt yh seu jbcet- sucahst hoosfet he
Englcilsahs siocrao lf's t,hK ee ynesRieoavlnu t-iotnhc'eh ronological
developomfee ncto nomaincdes c onomliict erbaetcuormeae lsm ost
compleltoesfltry o vmi ebwe hitnhdde e nusned ergroofow ftthhe ing hly
speculaantsdio vmee,t itmeensd enitnitoeursp,r ertea-tiinotnesr,p retations,
andm isinterproefwt haatctie orntsca,hi anr iswmraittimecur ssht a ve
'reamlelayn7 tO'fc. o urtshee,ir spe l enotfiy n terpr-eatnadpt,ei rohnaps,
misinterp:-rientt haivtsoi lounmb eu:ot u rp rimaariymi st op rovai de
usefcuhlr onolaocgciocruaanltt h tehrat noa rgufeoa rn yp arti(courl ar
geneirtnearlpet)rat ino
.
ThPee riaoniddt Sst agr-topiinnt 9
v
Thec ontjruasstt inno tsteehdce o nldiatreyrb aettuwrteehec eno nsiderable
ranogfev aluaebdliet imoonnso,g raapnhds ,p asrttuidoainlet sh,oe n e
hanadn,d atbhsee onfcm eo rceo mpreheancsciovuoenn tt sh,oe t her,
mayp oitnot fidciuflitnic eosm posari enags oncaobnlnyehc itsetdoo fr y
theec onomic thoughtd ifiofcfu lowtuhirie csmph oe srtdilooyn d o,t
exitsotq ,u itthese a meex tewnittr,he gatrosd u bseqpueernito ds. The
probilosenm o ef c omposoirsn tgr,in gtiongge tahc eorn,n ehcitsetdo rical
accouUnntd.o ubtbeedtlwye1,e6 6n2a nd1 776t hewreer wer itoenr s
tradceo,m mercep oalnidte iccoanlo omfyt heh ighqeusatl aintdy
interPeestttL.yo ,c kBeo,i sguiMlabnedretv,Ci alnlte,i lGlaolni,a ni,
HumeQ,u esnTauyr,g Sotte,u aanrdStm ittho,g etwhietmrha noyt her
distingwuriistheerdsa sB saurcbhNo onr,t Bhe,c hLearw,E, . CLa.r l,
HutcheMsoonnt,e sqTuuicekBuee,rc ,c aria,C oVnedtircliol naascnt,di tute
ana rroafyt alwehnitcg ho esso mwea yt owajrsudtsyi ifng thoef claim
Louis S(aslpeleae gvre)o n tthhawitas s t hmeo sbtr ilpleirainiotntd h e
histooftr hyse u bcj-tejubseotfr ec aimtfeul liyn tion depeenxdiesntte nce.
Theiresu ,n deniaar bolwoy fs, u pesrcbi,n tiblelaadBtsui.ttn hge irsae
questaiboontu htse u ppolfry e litahbrlefeaor sd trintghientmggo e t�er
asa n ecklOaucre .fi rstt ota hnpisrswo ebrl etmh aeitvs ei,ntf h ewreer e
as hortoafag dee qutahtreef aorcd o nnecttoignegtt hhweeor r kosfs uch
writienrtasco l osienltye ghriastteodar ciccoaiultn t ,w osuulrbdee ly w ell
worthwthoid lies cuswsr itthioenft g hse gsree maitn disna roughly
chronoloorgdiecra.l
Certaiintn hlpiyes r ieosdp,e ciinia tlesla yr lpihearsd eosw,tn o about
1570t,h ter ansmiosfs iiodfonrem a osn ew riter tow haentohtehre r,
between contoerfm orpmow rrairtoiefaer sns, eagrelnieerrta ott ihoeni r
succeswsaosmr uscm,ho rien termaintidtr ernetg Au glraerga.rt o wth in
thceo mmunicaantdti roann smoifs seicoonni odmeeiasscp, e cfioraml ly
the 1l47a0ttseo t he oefon udpr e riion1d 77 6i,so noef t hiem portant
faetuorefis th si story.
Int heea rlpihearsh eosw,e vwerri,t oerrgs r,o uopfsw ritweerrse,
genertahlilnyka inwndrg i tmionrgoe n t heoiwrn w,i tnho otn laym uch
smalllietre rpaatsautnr dep ,r esteons tt,u dbyu,at l swoi tlhe sosft he
current' elaistaielvryaa itlMuaorbrele eo.ve evre,n wwhreint weerrse
certaoirna llym,oc setr taaiwnalroyef,s omeea rloirce orn teamrpyo r
wortkh,e wraens or eguloabrrslveyec do doefs cholparralcbyty iw chei ch
.t hefyle to b�leidt om entitoheni r todp erbetedsse scoSrots h.ee x teonft
thdee botfso nwer itteoar n otmhaeyro f tbeene xtredmifecfiluy-l otr
impos-stiobt lrea ce.
Thewraes ntohteo,rre eif,nt hfiee lodfp olietciocnaoltm oty h,se a me
exteanslt a twehra,mt i ghbted escraisba e sdc lhaorolrys cientific
communeiittywh,ie trhn iant ioornl ailn gufiorsnttiiocero r ust,s tihdeem .
Forp oliteiccoaln o-maysi wt ass ubsequteon ctbalely -l weadss tialtl ,
thitsi maesw, e h avset resasnie ndc,h oiantceo,m plforemteesdlu yb ject,
conducatleodn agtl e atswto l ragelsye palriantoeefes n quiwriytl,hi ttle
10 Intdruoction
communicoarti inotne,r prbeettawteieonn E,st pheecmii.na llfityrh set
parotf opuerr ifoordm,a bo1u66t0- 7100d,o minabtyte hdae d vainnc e
thseu jbeclteb dy P etitnyE nglatnhdo,u tghhe re tsoe ehmbasev een
somaec quainwtiattnhhc weeo rokf o thleera ding inwtr hifiete elrds,
mosotfw homw erbea soendo, r p ubliisnhL,eo dn dotnh,ew raesv ery
litatwlaer eonfew sosr kasp peairni nogt her Acsot uheneit grhiteese.n th
centwuorryoe n h,o wevceorm,m unicwaittaihon,nd knowolfte hdeg e
worokf, o thwerri tienr sst,ah mece o unatnrtdyo s omeex teinnt others,
graduianlclrye Tahsege rde.Ca atn tislhloowne dw atyih,neh iEss s(aoyr
Essbayic )i tPientgat nyLd o ckTeh.e nin,t hteh iprhda osfeo ur period,
which oipnte hnleea 1dt4 7e0 sa,n d wwhei chhca avle'l temhdie d -century
efRorescence', acnodcmo mnutngairccetaewstn ioornm oeusspleyc,i ally
acrtohsCesh annIenld.ef eords ,o myee airns ltah1te5e7 0 asn 1d6 70asn
internflaotwio ofin daela si nafnldu teonocke s placwea s whsieclhd om,
ife veerq,u ailnlt ehfdeol lowtiwnocg e nturies.
VI
Althoiung ht he oliftt hseeer vaetnutraeene edna trehli yg htceeennttuhr ies
it miosrd ei ffictuhlatwn i trhe gatrold a tpeerr itootd rsa tcher eaandds
influenicte ssit,sip lols sible ini mspoomrceta asnvSetecs rh.yu mpeter
pugtr eeamtp hafsorie sx,a mpolne ,ov niett ahlr eoarsd e,q uernucnen,i ng
throuoguhre ntipreer i'oFde:sw e queinnct ehshe i stoofre yc onomic
analayrsseioi s m porftorau nstt ou ndersatnatdno fid xi no umri ndass,
ist hsee quePnecte-t Cya nti-lQluoens n(a91y5'42 ,1) 8.Th erceo uld
hardbleaym orper ooufncdo ntrpahsitl,o soapnhdi cmaeltlhyo dologically,
than btehtawteP eenta tnydQ uesnTahye.ri esc ertahionwleyv,ae nr ,
imporltiaonnfedt e veloprmeegnatrm,de itnhgao ndtd h teh eoorfvy a lue
formP etttoyC antialnldoa,ng ,a iinnC ,a ntilElsostnah'ie,sir saec lear
anticiopfta htmeia oinpn h ysiotchreaotriicde ocst rainondfQe use snay.
Followoiunttgh igsr esaetq ueonncece o uallds tor aocuett hmea in
developimnte hnietd seo aft hseu rplus.
A seconndd afmtueanlilmyp orltiaonnfett h ougohnat c ,e ntral question
of theory, whicthhs ee rvuennst aetnehednri toghuh gthec eenntthu ry,
andwh iccha bne t racbeadct koA ristaontfdlor ew artdoA damS mith
and Leon Waolrfta hnsea, t uirsa alnt-ahllaaoytwfvs ailsau nepd r iIcne .
oupre riPouedfn,d oHruf,t cheasnBodnu rlamwaeqrauemi o ntgh meo st
notaebxlpeo noeftn htbisos d oyfd octrSimniietn.hh erforimtH eudt cheson
thainsa lbyusitinT s h,eW e alotfNha tiomnisx eiwdti toht her wihdielaes,,
ons ompeo in-tfsor e xamptlhene,a tuorfue t ilaintdly a,b oausar
measuorf e vahleui en t-rodavu ecredydife freenmtp hasis.
Anothvearr ioaftn htse c holdaoscttiroci nnv easlau nedp riwchei,c h
prevaiinIl tead.al nyda, l swoi tthh sec hooofSl a lamapnucatan e, v en
greaetmeprh aosnsi usjb ectuitviela isat d ye termoifvn aalnTuthe i.ls i ne
ofth oug, hwthicwha sl atteopr r ovvee rfyur iutlfw,a sf ollowbeyd
Davanz(a1t5i29- 160i6n) h isb rilli'aDnits couorf1s e85'8 I.n o upre riod
MontanariG,a liaannidl, a tTeurr goftu,r tdheeverl poedt hiasn alywshiisc h