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5th Edition
Automotive
Ser vice
Inspection • Maintenance • Repair
Tim Gilles
Professor Emeritus
Santa Barbara City College
Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Automotive Service: Inspection, © 2016, 2012 Cengage Learning
Maintenance, Repair, Fifth Edition
WCN: 01-100-101
Tim Gilles
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 02 Print Year: 2016
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Table of Contents
PREFACE xvi Safety 41 • Wire Wheel Safety 41 • Compressed
Air Safety 42 • Impact Wrench Safety 42 •
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xviii
Air Chisel Safety 42 • Die Grinder/Air Drill
DEDICATION xxiii
Safety 42 • Press Safety 43 • General Lifting
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xxiii
Safety 43 • Hydraulic Floor Jack (Service Jack)
FEATURES OF THE TEXT xxiv
Safety 43 • Shop Crane (Engine Hoist) Safety
44 • Transmission Jack Safety 45 • Battery
Safety 45 • Refrigerant Safety 46 • General
Safety Around Automobiles 46 • Hot Tank
Safety Precautions 46 • Hazardous Materials
and Environmental Safety 47 • Hazardous Com-
SECTION 1
munication Standards 48 • Material Safety Data
THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY Sheets 48 • Hazardous Materials Common to
the Automotive Industry 49 • Cleaning Solvent
CHAPTER 1
Safety Precautions 50 • Skin Care Safety Pre-
Introduction to the Automobile 2
cautions 51 • Breathing Safety 51 • Welding
Introduction 2 • Body and Chassis 2 • Engine
Safety 52
Parts and Operation 2 • Engine Support Systems
CHAPTER 4
5 • The Powertrain 9 • Accessory Systems 10
Shop Management, Service Records,
CHAPTER 2 and Parts 55
Automotive Careers and Technician
Introduction 55 • Customer Relations 55 •
Certification 16
Service Records 56 • Keep the Car Clean 57 •
Introduction 16 • Automotive Career Oppor-
Linen Service 58 • Wholesale and Retail Distribu-
tunities 16 • Technician Certification and
tion of Auto Parts 58
Licensing 19 • Technician Skill Levels and
CHAPTER 5
Pay 22 • Other Areas of Specialization 23 •
Locating Service Information and
Other Automotive Careers 23 • On the Job as
Specifications 62
an Automotive Technician 24
Introduction 62 • Service Literature 62 • Manu-
facturers’ Service Information 64 • Generic
Service Manuals 64 • Lubrication and Mainte-
nance Service Specifications 66 • Owner’s Man-
ual 66 • Owners’ Workshop Manuals 66 • Elec-
tronic Service Information 66 • Technical Service
SECTION 2
Bulletins 69 • Hotline Services 69 • Trade Maga-
SHOP PROCEDURES, SAFETY, TOOLS,
zines and Internet 70
AND EQUIPMENT
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 3
Measuring Tools and Systems 72
Shop Safety 31
Introduction 72 • Metric System 72 • Measuring
Introduction 31 • General Personal Safety 31 •
Tools 73 • Precision Measuring Tools 74
Fire Safety 33 • Evacuation Plan 33 • Fire Extin-
guishers 33 • Flammable Materials 35 • Fuel CHAPTER 7
Hardware, Fasteners, Drills, and Thread Repair 87
Fires 35 • Electrical Fires 37 • Shop Habits 37 •
Electrical Safety Precautions 38 • Cooling Fan Introduction 87 • Characteristics of Fasteners 87 •
Safety 39 • Coolant Burns 39 • General Hand Fastener Failures 91 • Drill Bits 92 • Taps and
Tool Safety 39 • Puller Safety 41 • Machinery Threads 94 • Dies 97 • Repairing Broken
Safety 41 • Electric Drill Safety 41 • Grinder Fasteners 97
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
iv table of contents
CHAPTER 8 Electrical System Inspection 194 • Check Opera-
Shop Tools 105 tion of Lights 194 • Visibility Checks 196 •
Introduction 105 • Tools of the Trade 105 • Other Safety Checks and Service 198
Pullers 117 • Air Tools 119 • Special Service
CHAPTER 14
Tools 123
Undercar Inspection and Service 203
CHAPTER 9 Introduction 203 • Tire Visual Inspection 203 •
General Shop Equipment 125
Undercar Brake Checks 204 • Exhaust System
Shop Equipment 125 • Hydraulic Equipment 125 • Inspection 205 • Chassis Lubrication 205 •
Shop Electric Machinery 131 • Other Electric Suspension and Steering Checks 208 • Driveline
Equipment 133 • Other Shop Equipment 134 Checks 210
CHAPTER 10
Cleaning Equipment and Methods 141
Introduction 141 • General Shop Housekeeping
Practices 141 • Cleaning Methods 142 • Clean-
ing the Outside of the Engine 143 • Environmen-
SECTION 4
tal Concerns with Engine Cleaning 143 • Clean-
ing Internal Parts 143 • Chemical Clean- ENGINE OPERATION
ing 144 • Thermal Cleaning 151 • Vibratory
Parts Cleaners 152 • Other Cleaning Meth- CHAPTER 15
ods 152 • Marking Clean Parts 153 Introduction to the Engine 217
Introduction 217 • Basic Engine Operation 217 •
CHAPTER 11
Four-Stroke Engine Operation 218 • Engine
Lifting Equipment and Air Compressors 154
Upper End 219 • Valve Train 219 • Cylinder
Introduction 154 • Lift Types 154 • Frame-Contact
Head 220 • Engine Front 222 • Cylinder Block
Lifts 154 • Wheel-Contact Lifts 157 • Wheel-Free
Assembly (Lower End) 224 • Short Block and
Jacks 157 • In-Ground Lifts 158 • Surface Mount
Long Block 224
Lifts 160 • Lift Safety 160 • Air Compressors 162
CHAPTER 16
Engine Classifications and Types 230
Introduction 230 • Engine Classifications 230 •
Cylinder Arrangement 230 • Firing Order 232 •
Engine Cooling 233 • Valve Location 233 •
SECTION 3 Camshaft Location 234 • Other Cylinder
Head Variations 235 • Combustion Chamber
VEHICLE INSPECTION (LUBRICATION/
SAFETY CHECK) Designs 235 • Spark and Compression Igni-
tion 237 • Alternate Engines 238
CHAPTER 12
Engine Lubrication 167 CHAPTER 17
Engine Size and Measurements 242
Introduction 167 • Engine Oil 167 • Engine
Oil Licensing and Certification 171 • Oil Addi- Introduction 242 • Engine Size Measure-
tives 173 • Changing Engine Oil 177 • Oil ments 242 • Compression Ratio 244 • Physical
Filter 180 • Changing the Oil Filter 183 Principles of Work 246 • Torque 247 • Horse-
power 247 • Dynamometer 248 • Dynamometer
CHAPTER 13
Safety Concerns 252 • Engine Efficiency 253 •
Underhood and Body Inspection
Mean Effective Pressure 254
(Vehicle on Ground) 187
Introduction 187 • Brake System Inspection 187 • CHAPTER 18
On-Ground Steering and Suspension Checks 189 • Engine Upper End 256
Fuel System Inspection 191 • Cooling System Introduction 256 • Cylinder Head Construc-
Inspection 192 • Belt Inspection 193 • tion 256 • Valve Guides 257 • Valve Guide
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
table of contents v
Seals 257 • Valves 259 • Retainers and Valve Gauge 317 • Fans 317 • Fan Clutch 318 •
Locks 262 • Valve Springs 262 • Pushrods and Radiator Shroud 319 • Heater Core 319
Rocker Arms 263 • Camshaft 264 • Number of
CHAPTER 21
Cams and Lobes 265 • Camshaft Performance
Cooling System Service 321
265 • Valve Lifters and Lash Adjusters 267 •
Introduction 321 • Diagnosing Cooling System
Roller Cam and Lifters 268 • Hydraulic Lifters
Problems 321 • Radiator Cap 323 • Coolant
268 • Camshaft Drives 269 • Valve Timing
Service 325 • Testing Coolant Condition and
272 • Variable Valve Timing 273 • Electric Cam
Strength 330 • Thermostat Service 334 • Locat-
Phasers 276 • Active Fuel Management 277
ing Leaks 337 • External Leaks 338 • Internal
CHAPTER 19 Leaks 339 • Recovery Tank Service 341 • Cooling
Engine Lower End and Lubrication System Repairs 342 • Water Pump Service 343 •
System Theory 281 Electric Cooling Fan Service 345 • Heater Core
Introduction 281 • Cylinder Block Construction Service 346
281 • Core Plugs 282 • Cylinder Bore 283 •
CHAPTER 22
Cylinder Sleeves 283 • Main Bearing Automotive Belts 349
Caps 283 • Lifter Bores 283 • Crankshaft
Introduction 349 • Belt Material 349 • V-Ribbed
Design 283 • Crankshaft End Thrust 285 •
Belts 349 • Serpentine Belt Drive 349 • Stretch
Direction of Crankshaft Rotation 285 • Vibration
Belts 349 • Timing Belts 350 • Drive Belt
Damper 285 • Crankshaft Hardness 286 •
Service 352 • Belt Inspection and Adjust-
Bearings 286 • Connecting Rods 288 •
ment 353 • Replacing Belts 355
Pistons 289 • Piston Head 289 • Piston Ring
Grooves 289 • Heat Transfer 290 • Cast and CHAPTER 23
Forged Pistons 290 • Piston Skirt 291 • Automotive Hoses 361
Piston Pin Offset 292 • Piston Pins 293 • Piston Introduction 361 • Hose Construction 361 •
Rings 294 • Compression Rings 294 • Com- Hose Size 361 • Unreinforced Hose 361 •
pression Ring Design 294 • Oil Control Radiator Hose 361 • Hose Types 361 • Hose
Rings 297 • Engine Balancing 297 • The Lubri- Clamps 365 • Hoses 367 • Hose Inspection
cation System 298 • Oil Pumps 298 • Pres- and Service 368 • Replacing Hoses 369 • High-
sure Relief Valve 300 • Oil Pump Screen By-Pass Performance Hoses and Fittings 372
Valve 300 • Oil Pressure 300 • Windage Tray
CHAPTER 24
and Baffles 301 • Dry Sump Lubrication
Automotive Plumbing: Tubing and Pipe 376
Systems 302
Introduction 376 • Tubing 376 • Flared Con-
nections 378 • Compression Fittings 379 • Pipe
Fittings 380 • Shutoff Valves 382 • Tubing Ser-
vice 382 • Installing Tubing 386 • Transmission
Oil Cooler Line Repairs 386 • Nylon Fuel Injection
Tubing 387 • Pipe Service 387
SECTION 5
COOLING SYSTEM, BELTS, HOSES,
AND PLUMBING
CHAPTER 20
Cooling System Theory 305
SECTION 6
Introduction 305 • Liquid and Air Cool-
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM THEORY AND SERVICE
ing 305 • Liquid Cooling System
Parts 305 • Cooling System Circula- CHAPTER 25
tion 306 • Coolant 307 • Cooling Sys- Basic Electrical System Theory
tem Pressure Cap 311 • Coolant Recovery and Repairs 391
System 312 • Radiator 313 • Thermo- Introduction 391 • Electron Flow 391 • Basic
stat 313 • Temperature Warning Light or Automotive Electrical System 393 • Electrical
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
vvii Ctahbalep toefr c ontents
Terms 395 • Circuitry and Ohm’s Law 399 • Charging System Indicators 487 • High-Voltage
Magnetic Fields 400 • Capacitors 402 • Charging Systems 489
Automotive Electronics 402 • Basic Electrical
CHAPTER 31
Tests 403 • Voltage Drop Testing 404
Charging System Service 491
CHAPTER 26
Introduction 491 • Charging System Service 491 •
Battery Fundamentals 413
Preliminary Charging System Tests 492 •
Introduction 413 • Battery Parts and Opera- Testing the Charging System 493 • Charging
tion 414 • Battery Recharging and Discharg- System Output Tests 493 • Regulated Voltage
ing 417 • Battery Capacity Ratings 419 • Battery Test 495 • Diode Tests 497 • Charging System
Types 420 • Battery Plate Size 423 • Battery Voltage Drops 498 • AC Generator Service and
Selection 424 • Battery Service Life 424 • Battery Repair 500 • AC Generator Reassembly 503
Cables 425 • Battery Holddowns 426 • Reasons
for Battery Failure 426 • Electric Vehicle Battery CHAPTER 32
Types 426 Lighting and Wiring Fundamentals 506
Introduction 506 • Wire and Cable 506 • Circuit
CHAPTER 27
Protection Devices 507 • Lighting 509 • Head-
Battery Service 428
lamps 510 • Taillights 520 • Incandescent Light
Introduction 428 • Battery Inspection 429 •
Bulb Identification 520 • Turn Signals 522 •
Battery Service 429 • Replacing A Battery 432 •
Signal Flasher Operation 522 • Hazard Flashers
Battery Testing: Measuring Battery State of Charge
523 • Back-Up Lights 523 • Electrical Instrumen-
(SOC) 438 • Battery Charging 443 • Battery
tation and Instrument Panel 527 • Miscellaneous
Chargers 444 • Storing a Vehicle 448 • Battery
Gauges 529
Capacity Tests 448 • Battery Testing Using an
Amp Clamp 450 • Battery Drain Test/Parasitic CHAPTER 33
Load 451 • Battery Jump-Starting 452 Lighting and Wiring Service 534
CHAPTER 28 Analyzing Electrical Problems 534 • Wiring
Starting System Fundamentals 456 Service 534 • Trim Removal 536 • Crimp
Terminals 538 • Selecting Replacement
Introduction 456 • Starter Motor 456 •
Wire 542 • Adding Electrical Accessories 543 •
Starter Motor Fundamentals 456 • Starter
Soldering 543 • Broken or Damaged Ground
Drives 459 • Starter Electrical Circuit 459 •
Straps 546 • Circuit Testing and Service 546 •
Gear Reduction Starters 463 • Brushless DC
Finding Grounds 547 • Fuse Testing and Ser-
Motors 463
vice 547 • Fuse Link Service 549 • Headlamp
CHAPTER 29 Service 549 • Headlamp Aiming 551 • Tail Lamp
Starting System Service 465 and Park Light Service 554 • LED Service 555 •
Introduction 465 • Starting System Service 465 • Stoplight Switch Service 555 • Back-Up
Starting System Tests 466 • Cranking Voltage Lights 555 • Turn Signal Switch 556 • Signal
and Amperage Test 467 • Circuit Resistance Flasher/Relay 556 • Locating a Signal Flasher 557 •
Test 467 • No-Crank Tests 469 • Solenoid Prob- Windshield Washer Service 557 • Horn Service
lems 471 • Starter Repair 472 • Starter Disas- 558 • Gauge Testing 558
sembly 472 • Starter Drive Service 472 • Starter
CHAPTER 34
Reassembly 474
Safety, Security, Comfort Systems, and Electrical
CHAPTER 30 Accessories 561
Charging System Fundamentals 477 Introduction 561 • Supplemental Restraint
Introduction 477 • Charging System 477 • Systems 561 • Active and Passive Restraints 561 •
AC Generator/Alternator 478 • Alternator Pul- Restraint System Service 572 • Security, Naviga-
leys 482 • AC Generator Bearings 482 • AC Gen- tion, and Electrical Accessories 574 • Security
erator Fan 483 • Voltage Regulator 483 • Systems 574 • Vehicle Tracking/Navigation
Computer-Controlled Voltage Regulation 484 • Systems 579 • Other Comfort Systems 581 •
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
table of contents vviiii
Vehicle Audio Systems 581 • Cruise Control 597 •
Collision Avoidance Systems 600 • Lane Depar-
ture Warning System 600
SECTION 8
ENGINE PERFORMANCE DIAGNOSIS:
THEORY AND SERVICE
SECTION 7 CHAPTER 37
HEATING AND AIR CONDITIONING Ignition System Fundamentals 666
Introduction 666 • Basic Ignition System 666 •
CHAPTER 35
Primary Circuit 666 • Secondary Ignition
Heating and Air-Conditioning
Parts 669 • Spark Plugs 670 • Electronic
Fundamentals 604
Ignitions 673 • Electronic Ignition Varia-
Introduction 604 • Sources of Heat 604 • Venti- tions 674 • Ignition Modules 679 • Ignition
lation 604 • Heating 605 • Air Distribution Sys- Timing 679 • Detonation Sensor 681 • Distribu-
tem 605 • Air Conditioning 607 • Air-Condition- torless Ignition 681
ing Principles 608 • Heat Transfer 608 •
Humidity 609 • States of Matter 609 • Latent CHAPTER 38
Heat 609 • Air-Conditioning System Opera- Ignition System Service 688
tion 610 • Reducing Humidity 611 • Com- Ignition System Service and Repairs 688 • Spark
pressing the Refrigerant 612 • Transferring Plug Service 688 • Spark Plug Diagnosis 689 •
Refrigerant Heat to Outside Air 612 • Flow Con- Installing Spark Plugs 692 • Repairing Damaged
trol Devices 613 • Air-Conditioning Compres- Spark Plug Threads 693 • Spark Plug Cable Ser-
sors 617 • Compressor Lubrication 621 • vice 695 • Distributor Ignition Service 697 •
Muffler 621 • Accumulator or Receiver/ Ignition Timing 698 • Electronic Ignition Distribu-
Dryer 621 • Evaporator Icing Control 623 • Sys- tor Service 698 • Other Distributor Repair
tem Switches 624 • Heating and Air-Conditioning Service 700 • Distributor Installation 700 •
Controls 624 • Automatic Air-Conditioning Static Timing 700 • Electronic Ignition System
Sensors 625 • Refrigerants and the Environ- Service 701 • Oscilloscope Testing 704 • Types
ment 627 • Temperature and Pressure 629 of Scope Patterns 705 • Other Scope Tests 709 •
Other Diagnostic Instruments 710
CHAPTER 36
Heating and Air-Conditioning Service 632 CHAPTER 39
Heater Service 632 • Air-Conditioning Ser- Petroleum Fuels and Alternative
Fuel Technologies 712
vice 632 • Air-Conditioning System Service
and Diagnosis 633 • System Performance Introduction 712 • Crude Oil 712 • Diesel
Test 634 • Pressure Testing 634 • Static Pres- Engines and Diesel Fuel 713 • Gasoline 717 •
sure Reading 636 • Diagnosing HVAC Electronic Air-Fuel Mixture 720 • Spark Knocks, Carbon
Problems 640 • Air Distribution System Diagno- Noise, and Abnormal Combustion 721 •
sis 641 • Leak Detection 646 • Common Air- Abnormal Combustion 722 • Excessive Car-
Conditioning Component Problems 649 • Refrig- bon Buildup 724 • Regular Versus Premium
erant Oil 650 • Evaporator Problems 651 • Fuels 725 • Octane Standards 726 • Gasoline
Thermal Expansion Valve or Orifice Tube Prob- Additives 726 • Reformulated Gasolines 726 •
lems 651 • Compressor Service 653 • Evacu- Oxygenated Fuels/Alcohols 727 • Alternative
ating and Recharging 657 • Vacuuming a Fuels 728 • Natural Gas 730 • Compressed
System 657 • Evacuate the System 658 • Air- Natural Gas 730 • Refueling CNG 732 •
Conditioning Service Equipment 659 • Refriger- Liquified Natural Gas 734 • Engine Rebuilding
ant Charging 660 • Follow-Up 662 • Refrigerant Concerns with Alternative Fuel Engines 734 •
Storage 662 • Recycling and Retrofit 662 Hydrogen 735
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
vviiiiii Ctahbalep toefr c ontents
CHAPTER 40 PCV Valve Testing 814 • Exhaust Gas Recircula-
Fuel System Fundamentals, Gasoline tion 816 • EGR System Operation 816 • Com-
and Diesel 737 puter-Controlled EGR Systems 818 • Catalytic
Converter 818 • Types of Catalytic Convert-
Introduction 737 • Fuel System 737 • Fuel
ers 819 • Evaporative Controls 822 • Other
Tanks 737 • Fuel Lines, Hoses, and Fittings 738 •
Parts of the Fuel Tank System 825 • On-Board
Fuel Pumps 738 • Fuel Filters 740 • Fuel Injec-
Diagnostics 825 • Engine Emission Modifica-
tion and Carburetion 740 • Pressure Regulator
tions 826 • Diesel Engine Emission Control 827
Operation 745 • Electronic Fuel System Opera-
tion 746 • Airflow Measurement 747 • Idle
CHAPTER 44
Speed Control 749 • Fuel Pump Control
Emission Control System Service 832
Module 750 • Computer-Controlled Fuel Sys-
Introduction 832 • Inspecting Emission Con-
tems 750 • Feedback Fuel Systems 750 • Diesel
trol Systems 832 • Computer-Controlled
Fuel Systems 755 • Diesel Fuel Subsystem 757 •
Emission Service 832 • Crankcase Ventilation
Diesel Fuel Filters 758
System Service 833 • Evaporative Control Sys-
CHAPTER 41
tem Service 834 • Evaporative System Main-
Fuel System Service 759
tenance 835 • Evaporative System Problem
Introduction 759 • Fuel Supply System Service 759 • Diagnosis 835 • EGR System Service 837 • Air
Fuel Filter Service 762 • Throttle Linkage 763 • Injection System Service 839 • Catalytic Convert-
Fuel System Problems and Service 763 • Exhaust er Service 840 • Converter Testing 840 • Cata-
Gas Analysis 765 • Fuel Injection Diagnosis lytic Converter Replacement 841 • Analyzing
and Service 765 • EFI Computer Self-Diagnostics Exhaust Emissions 841 • Emission Analyz-
(OBD) 766 • Air-Fuel Mixture Problems 766 • Injec- ers 842 • Hydrocarbons 843 • Carbon Monox-
tor Problems 768 • Throttle Plate Service 772 • EFI ide (CO) 844 • Carbon Dioxide 844 • Oxygen
Adjustments 772 • Sensor Service 773 • Throttle (O ) 846 • Oxides of Nitrogen 846 • Catalytic
2
Position Sensor 773 • Oxygen Sensor Service Converter Tests 849 • Diesel Emission Control
773 • Coolant Temperature Sensor 775 • Inlet Service 851 • Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) Ser-
Air Temperature Sensor 775 • Map Sensor Diagno- vice 851 • Filling The DEF Tank 852 • Diesel
sis 775 • Mass Airflow (MAF) Sensor Diagnosis Particulate Filter Service 852
776 • Testing Other Sensors 777 • Computer Ser-
vice 777 • Mechanical Injection 778 • Carbon CHAPTER 45
Deposit Service 778 • Diesel Engine Fuel Service 779 Electronics and Computer Systems
Fundamentals 855
CHAPTER 42
Introduction 855 • Semiconduc-
Intake and Exhaust Systems/Turbochargers
tors 855 • Diodes 856 • Transistors 858 • Elec-
and Superchargers 782
tronic Instrument Displays 859 • Automotive
Introduction 782 • Intake System Fundamentals
Computer Systems 859 • Parts of a Computer
782 • Manifolds 783 • Intake Manifolds 783 •
System 860 • On-Board Computer 861 • Infor-
Exhaust System Fundamentals 786 • Exhaust
mation Processing 862 • Computer Memo-
Manifolds 787 • Exhaust Tubing 788 • Exhaust
ry 863 • Communication Rate 864 • Sensors and
System Service 791 • Turbochargers and Super-
Actuators 864 • Types of Sensors 864 • Therm-
chargers 792 • Turbochargers 793 • Aftercooler/
istors 864 • Voltage Dividers 865 • Piezoelec-
Intercooler 798 • Belt-Driven Superchargers/
tric and Piezoresistive Sensors 866 • Heated
Blowers 803
Resistive Sensors 866 • Variable DC Frequency
CHAPTER 43 Sensors 866 • Voltage Generators 866 • Wheat-
Emission Control System Fundamentals, stone Bridges 867 • Switches 867 • Types of
Gasoline and Diesel 809 Actuators 867 • Solenoid Actuators 868 • Relay
Introduction 809 • Air Pollution 809 • Actuators 868 • Motor Actuators 869 • Actua-
Automotive Emissions 809 • Pollution Control tor Switches/Modules 869 • Adaptive Strat-
811 • Automobile Emission Control Sys- egy 869 • Ignition Advance 870 • Knock
tems 812 • Crankcase Ventilation 812 • Sensor 870 • Electronic Throttle Control/
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
