Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I

368 Pages·2014·8.2 MB·English

by  Naci Yorulmaz

Naci Yorulmaz trained in economics (BA) and economic history
(MA)attheUniversityofMarmara,Turkey.HecompletedhisPhDat
the University of Birmingham in 2011. Prior to his doctoral studies,
Dr Yorulmaz has also studied economics and economic history at
the University of Heidelberg, Tu¨bingen and Freie University Berlin
in Germany. Dr Yorulmaz carried out his post-doctoral research
at the University of Washington, Seattle and at Stanford University.
His research interests include economic history, business history
and political economy in general, the political economy of the
international arms trade and defense industry in particular.

ARMING THE
SULTAN
German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy
in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I
N Y
ACI ORULMAZ
Publishedin2014byI.B.Tauris&Co.Ltd
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Copyrightq2014NaciYorulmaz
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thereof,maynotbereproduced,storedinorintroducedintoaretrievalsystem,
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LibraryofOttomanStudies43
ISBN:9781780766331
eISBN:9780857736680
ePDF ISBN: 978 0 85772 518 9
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Typeset in Garamond Three by OKS Prepress Services, Chennai,India
To my wife Ays¸e for her support, patience, and encouragement.
To my children I˙brahim Esad and Tarık Yahya for being my inspiration.

CONTENTS
List of Tables and Figures viii
List of Maps and Images xi
List of Abbreviations xii
Notes on Usage xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Introduction 1
1. The German Expansionist Wave and the Political
Economy of German Style of War Business in the
Ottoman Empire (1880–98) 15
2. German Military Advisers: Businessmen in Uniform 68
3. Arms Orders and Contracts: The First Fruits of
Personal Diplomacy 97
4. Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Political Economy of
Personal Diplomacy (1898–1914) 133
5. Sultan Abdu¨lhamid II and his Bureaucrats (1876–1909) 177
6. The Power Shift and its Consequences (1908–14) 230
Conclusion 252
Notes 262
Bibliography 325
Index 342
LIST OF TABLES ANDFIGURES
Table 1.1: Allocation of the Deutsche Bank Loan in 1888
(in Ottoman Lira) 39
Table 1.2: German Colonial Expansion, 1884–96
(in Square Miles) 48
Table 1.3: Steel Production by Major Producers,
1886–1910 (in 1000 Tons) 50
Table 1.4: Pig-iron Production by Major Producers,
1887–1911 (in 1000 Tons) 51
Table 1.5: Germany’s Foreign Trade, 1860–1913
(in British Pounds) 52
Table 1.6: Five Principal Manufactured Goods in Germany
and their Percentage Exports in 1913 53
Table 1.7: The Length and Opening Dates of the
Railways Laid by Anatolian Railway Company 61
Table 1.8: Tithe Paid (in Ottoman Kuru(cid:1)s) 61
Table 1.9: Ottoman Trade with Germany, 1880–97
(in Marks) 64
Table 1.10: War Materials Exports from Germany to
the Ottoman Empire 1888–98 (in Marks) 65
LISTOF TABLESANDFIGURES ix
Table 1.11: Export from Germany to the Ottoman
Empire (selected items; in Marks) 65
Table 1.12: The Bondholders of the Ottoman Converted
Debt, 1881–98 (in Thousands of Ottoman Lira) 67
Table 2.1: Sales of Krupp: Military Products 1875–1891
(in Marks) 69
Table 2.2: Sales of Krupp: Non-Military Products
1875–91 (in Marks) 70
Table 2.3: Mauser’s Total Sales (1874–1914) 72
Table 2.4: First Appointed German Military Mission
(Ka¨hler Mission) in 1882 and its Staff’s Annual Salary 78
Table 2.5: Salary of the Ottoman Officers (1902) 79
Table 3.1: Rifle Production in Tu¨fenkhaˆne-i ‘Aˆmire in 1881 98
Table 3.2: Ottoman Artillery Orders from the Krupp
Company (1861–75) 99
Table 3.3: Ottoman Warships and the Krupp Orders
(1883) 101
Table 3.4: Krupp Guns and their Prices (Ordered in 1885) 104
Table 3.5: Krupp Guns and their Prices (Ordered in 1886) 104
Table 3.6: Ottoman Artillery (Guns and Mortars) ordered
from the Krupp Company 106
Table 3.7: Names and their Encrypted Codes (in November
1886) 112
Table 3.8: Mauser Rifles in the Ottoman Army
(1886–1908) 128
Table 3.9a: Places to Which the Purchased Mauser Rifles
Were Sent (M/90:7.65) 129