Animal Influenza Virus

439 Pages·2014·7.116 MB·English

by  Erica Spackman (eds.)

Methods in
Molecular Biology 1161
Erica Spackman Editor
Animal
Infl uenza Virus
M M B
ETHODS IN OLECULAR IOLOGY
Series Editor
John M. Walker
School of Life Sciences
University of Hertfordshire
Hat fi eld, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/7651

Animal Influenza Virus
Second Edition
Edited by
Erica Spackman
Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory,
US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
Editor
Erica S packman
Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases
Unit
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory
US Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
Athens, GA, USA
ISSN 1064-3745 ISSN 1940-6029 (electronic)
ISBN 978-1-4939-0757-1 ISBN 978-1-4939-0758-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-0758-8
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2014937456
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Prefa ce
Infl uenza A viruses are among the most important pathogens for humans, food animals,
and companion animals. Of the animal infl uenza viruses, avian, swine, and equine infl uenza
are likely to have the greatest economic impact internationally because of their value as food
animals or, with horses due to a large sport competition industry. Also, although the risk is
truly unknown, as domestic animals, poultry, swine, and horses have extended contact with
humans, which provides an interface for interspecies transmission, there is always the poten-
tial for these animal infl uenza viruses to become threats to public health.
Regardless of the possible implications for public health, infl uenza is highly signifi cant
to poultry, swine, and equine health. Research and diagnostics with animal infl uenza viruses
are critical to animal health in its own right and it should be recognized that the needs and
goals of animal agriculture and veterinary medicine are not always the same as those of
public health. Even within these three examples of animal infl uenza viruses there are differ-
ences in the approach which may need to be taken, as the structure of the poultry, swine,
and equine industries are different and there are some biological differences of infl uenza
virus from each animal group as well. One of the aims of this book is to sort out those dif-
ferences and to provide host, strain, and lineage specifi c guidance and procedures.
The reader will also recognize that in some cases the same method is described for all
three of these animal viruses, for example real-time RT-PCR or hemagglutination inhibi-
tion (HI) assay. At fi rst glance this may seem redundant; however there are often seemingly
minor, but crucial differences in the assay, such as sample processing for each species (e.g.,
how to treat for sera the HI assay) or the specifi city of reagents (e.g., primer sequences for
RT-PCR; optimal laboratory host system for virus isolation). In contrast there are some
methods that will be unique to an animal infl uenza virus group and parameters will neces-
sarily vary. Certainly, assays may be adapted to individual study needs with proper optimiza-
tion or can simply be used as they are described. The aim of this book is to provide the
essential methods used in working with animal infl uenza viruses, and to compile more
advanced information that will guide the user in designing infl uenza studies.
Most importantly this book would not have been possible without the contributions of
the authors. The contributors are experts in their fi elds; therefore their input and knowl-
edge is invaluable with the details they provide from their extensive experience. I want to
gratefully acknowledge each of them for taking time from their busy schedules to contrib-
ute to this book. I would also like to thank the editorial team at Springer: John Walker,
MIMB series editor, and both Patrick Marton and David Casey for all their time and help
with completing this book.
Happy pipetting.
Athens, GA, USA Erica Spackman
v

Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x i
PART I GENERAL
1 Hemagglutination Assay for Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mary Lea Killian
2 Hemagglutination-Inhibition Assay for Influenza Virus Subtype
Identification and the Detection and Quantitation of Serum
Antibodies to Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Janice C. P edersen
3 N euraminidase-Inhibition Assay for the Identification of
Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase Virus Subtype or Neuraminidase
Antibody Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7
Janice C . Pedersen
4 Reverse Genetics of Influenza Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7
Chang-Won Lee
5 I mmunohistochemical Staining of Influenza Virus in Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
Mary J. P antin-Jackwood
PART II AVIAN INFLUENZA
6 A Brief Introduction to Avian Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
Erica S packman
7 W ild Bird Surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9
Justin D. Brown, R ebecca Poulson, and D avid E. Stallknecht
8 Avian Influenza Virus Sample Types, Collection, and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3
Mary Lea Killian
9 Avian Influenza Virus RNA Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
Erica S packman and Scott A . L ee
10 A vian Influenza Virus Detection and Quantitation
by Real-T ime RT-PCR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05
Erica Spackman
11 I nfluenza Subtype Identification with Molecular Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 19
Erica S packman
12 Avian Influenza Virus Isolation, Propagation, and Titration
in Embryonated Chicken Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Erica Spackman and M ary Lea K illian
13 Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Assay to Detect Antibodies
to Type A Influenza Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Terra A . Jenson
vii
viii Contents
14 D etection of Influenza A Antibodies in Avian Serum Samples by ELISA. . . . . 1 51
Len C happell, M ary L ea K illian, and Erica Spackman
15 Conducting Influenza Virus Pathogenesis Studies in Avian Species. . . . . . . . . 1 69
Carol J . Cardona, D avid A . H alvorson, J ustin D. Brown,
and Mary J . P antin-Jackwood
16 L aboratory Methods for Assessing and Licensing Influenza
Vaccines for Poultry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
David E. Swayne
17 D etection of Cell-Mediated Immune Response
to Avian Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 99
Darrell R. Kapczynski
18 C haracterization of Cytokine Expression Induced by Avian
Influenza Virus Infection with Real-Time RT-PCR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 17
Darrell R . Kapczynski, H ai J un Jiang, and Michael H. K ogut
19 Newcastle Disease Virus Detection and Differentiation
from Avian Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 35
Patti J. Miller and Mia Kim Torchetti
PART III SWINE INFLUENZA
20 A Brief Introduction to Influenza A Virus in Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 43
Amy L. Vincent, Kelly M. L ager, and Tavis K . A nderson
21 Sample Types, Collection, and Transport for Influenza A
Viruses of Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Marie R . Culhane and S usan E . Detmer
22 Isolation of Swine Influenza Virus in Cell Cultures
and Embryonated Chicken Eggs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Jianqiang Zhang and Phillip C . Gauger
23 R NA Extraction from Swine Samples and Detection of
Influenza A Virus in Swine by Real-Time RT-PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 77
Jianqiang Zhang and K aren M . H armon
24 H emagglutinin Inhibition Assay with Swine Sera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 95
Pravina K itikoon, P hillip C . G auger, and A my L. Vincent
25 E nzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Serum
or Mucosal Isotype-Specific IgG and IgA Whole-V irus Antibody
to Influenza A Virus in Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Phillip C . Gauger, C rystal L . L oving, and Amy L . V incent
26 Serum Virus Neutralization Assay for Detection and Quantitation
of Serum-Neutralizing Antibodies to Influenza A Virus in Swine . . . . . . . . . . 313
Phillip C . Gauger and Amy L. Vincent
27 M icroneutralization Assay for Swine Influenza Virus in Swine Serum . . . . . . . 3 25
Pravina Kitikoon and Amy L. Vincent
Contents ix
28 A nalyzing Swine Sera for Functional Antibody Titers Against
Influenza A Neuraminidase Proteins Using an Enzyme-Linked
Lectin Assay (ELLA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Matthew R . Sandbulte and Maryna C . Eichelberger
29 Antibody Secreting Cell Assay for Influenza A Virus in Swine. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 47
Pravina Kitikoon, C rystal L . L oving, and Amy L . V incent
30 I n Vivo Models for Pathotyping and Vaccine Efficacy
for Swine Influenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Kelly M. L ager and Amy L . Vincent
PART IV EQUINE INFLUENZA
31 A Brief Introduction to Equine Influenza and Equine
Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 65
Thomas M . Chambers
32 E quine Influenza Diagnosis: Sample Collection and Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . 3 71
Thomas M . Chambers and S tephanie E. Reedy
33 RNA Extraction from Equine Samples for Equine Influenza Virus . . . . . . . . . 3 79
Udeni B. R . B alasuriya
34 Type A Influenza Virus Detection from Horses by Real-Time
RT-PCR and Insulated Isothermal RT-PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 93
Udeni B. R . B alasuriya
35 Equine Influenza Culture Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 03
Thomas M . Chambers and Stephanie E . R eedy
36 E quine Influenza Serological Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Thomas M. C hambers and Stephanie E . R eedy
I ndex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423