Table Of ContentAW orlodfT urmoil
THE UNITEDS TATESC,H INAA,N D TAIWAN
INT HEL ONGC OLD WAR
StepJhH.ea nr tnett
A World of Turmoil
US(cid:2)CHINA RELATIONS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
This series publishes he best, cutting-edge work tackling he opportunities and dilemmas
of relations between he United States and China in the age of globalization. Books published
in he series encompass boh historical studies and contemporary analyses, and include
boh single-auhored monographs and edited collections. Our books are comparative,
off ering in-deph communication-based analyses of how United States and Chinese offi cials,
scholars, artists, and activists confi gure each oher, portray he relations between he two
nations, and depict heir shared and competing interests. They are interdisciplinary, featuring
scholarship hat works in and across communication studies, rhetoric, literary criticism,
fi lm studies, cultural studies, intenational studies, and more. And hey are intenational,
situating heir analyses at the crossroads of intenational communication and he nuances,
complications, and opportunities of globalization as it has unfolded since World War II.
series editor
Stephen J. Hartnett, University of Colorado Denver
editorial board
Rya Buttefi eld, Nicholls State University
Hsin-I Cheng, Santa Clara University
Patrick Shaou-Whea Dodge, International College of Beijing
Qingwen Dong, University of the Pacifi c
Mohan Dutta, Massey University, New Zealand
John Eni, Hong Kong Baptist University
Xiaohong Gao, Communication University of China
G. Thomas Goodnight, University of Southern California
Robert Hariman, Northwestern University
Dongjing Kang, Florida Gulf Coast University
Lisa Keränen, University of Colorado Denver
Zhi Li, Communication University of China
Jingfang Liu, Fudan University
Xing Lu, DePaul University
Trevor Parry-Giles, National Communication Association
Phaedra C. Pezzullo, University of Colorado Boulder
Todd Sandel, University of Macau
Zhiwei Wang, University of Zhengzhou
Guobin Yang, Annenberg School, University of Pennsylvania
Yufang Zhang, University of Shanghai
A World of Turmoil
the united states, china, and taiwan
in the long cold war
Stephen J. Hartnett
michigan state university press | East Lansing
Copyright © 2021 by Stephen J. Hartnett
i The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements
of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Pemanence of Paper).
p
Michigan State University Press
East Lansing, Michigan 48823-5245
library of congress cataloging-in-publication data
Names: Hartnett, Stephen J., auhor.
Title: A world of tumoil : he United States, China, and Taiwan in he long Cold War / Stephen John Hartnett.
Oher titles: United States, China, and Taiwan in he long Cold War
Description: East Lansing : Michigan State University Press, [2021]
| Series: US-China Relations in the Age of Globalization | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifi ers: LCCN 2020026663 | ISBN 978-1-61186-392-5 (paperback)
| ISBN 978-1-60917-666-2 (PDF) | ISBN 978-1-62895-425-8 (ePUB) | ISBN 978-1-62896-426-4 (Kindle)
Subjects: LCSH: United States—Foreign relations—China. | China—Foreign relations—United States.
| United States—Foreign relations—Taiwan. | Taiwan—Foreign relations—United States.
| China—Foreign relations—Taiwan. | Taiwan—Foreign relations—China.
| Nationalism—China. | Nationalism—Taiwan. | Cold War. | Mass media and propaganda—China.
| Mass media and propaganda—United States.
Classifi cation: LCC E183.8.C5 H3455 2021 | DDC 327.73051—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026663
Book design by Charlie Sharp, Sharp Des!gns, East Lansing, Michigan
Cover design by Erin Kirk
Cover art: The youh of the CPC running MacArhur and Chiang into he China Sea;
“Xin Zhongguo de Ertong” (Children of New China), circa 1950, by Zhang Ding;
© held by and image printed wih he permission of he Shanghai Propaganda Poster Art Center.
G
Michigan State University Press is a member of he Green Press Initiative and is
committed to developing and encouraging ecologically responsible publishing
practices. For more information about the Green Press Initiative and he use of
recycled paper in book publishing, please visit www.greenpressinitiative.org.
Visit Michigan State University Press at www.msupress.org
ON THE INTERSECTION OF EDGE BALL AND COURTESY:
NOTES ON SCHOLARSHIP IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION
Like America or France or Brazil, China is a nation-state riven wih fault-lines along region and race,
ehnicity and education, linguistics and libido, gender and more general divisions. Media in he United
States tend to portray Chinese society as monolihic—billions of citizens censored into silence, its activists
and dissidents fearful of retribution. The “reeducation” camps in Xinjiang, he “black prisons” hat dot
he landscape, and he Great Firewall prove his belief partially true. At he same time, here are more
dissidents on he Chinese web than here are living Americans, and rallies, marches, strikes, and protests
unfold in China each week. The nation is seehing wih action, much of it politically radical. What makes
his political action so complicated and so diffi cult to comprehend is that no one knows how he state will
respond on any given day. In his magnifi cent Age of Ambition, Evan Osnos notes hat “Divining how far
any individual [can] go in Chinese creative life [is] akin to carving a line in the sand at low tide in he dark.”
His tide metaphor is telling, for hroughout Chinese history waves of what Deng Xiaoping called “opening
and refom” have given way to repression, which can hen swing back to what Chaiman Mao once called
“letting a hundred fl owers bloom”—China thus off ers a perpetually changing landscape, in which nothing
is certain. For his reason, our Chinese colleagues and collaborators are taking great risks by participating
in his book series. Auhors in he “west” fear heir books and articles will fail to fi nd an audience; auhors
in China live in fear of a midnight knock at the door.
This series therefore strives to practice what Qingwen Dong calls “edge ball”: Getting as close as
possible to he boundary of what is sayable wihout crossing he line into being off ensive. The image is
borrowed from table tennis and depicts a shot hat barely touches he line before ricocheting off he table;
it counts as a point and is wihin the rules, yet he trajectory of he ball makes it almost impossible to hit a
retun shot. In he realm of scholarship and politics, playing “edge ball” means speaking truh to power while
not provoking arrest—his is a murky game full of gray zones, allusions, puns, and sly references. What
his means for our series is clear: Our auhors do not censor hemselves, but hey do speak respectfully
and cordially, showcasing research-based perspectives from heir standpoints and their worldviews,
hereby putting multiple vantage points into conversation. As our auhors practice “edge ball,” we hope
our readers will savor these books wih a similar sense of sophisticated and intenational generosity.
—Stephen J. Hartnett
Contents
ix Acknowledgments and Notes on Doing International Scholarship
xvii List of Abbreviations
xxi Persons and Places with Naming Changes or Complications
xxvii Introduction. Mapping the Rhetorical Histories of U.S.-China-Taiwan
Relations
1 Chapter One. Wandering in a Labyrinth of Ignorance, Error, and
Conjecture, 1945–1952
21 Chapter Two. Avoiding a Chain Reaction of Disaster, 1952–1955
51 Chapter Three. I Will Never Sell You Down the River, 1971–1972
85 Chapter Four. We Prefer to Stay Single, 1990–1998
121 Chapter Five. A Free and Democratic People, 2016–2020
155 Conclusion
179 Appendix. A Timetable of U.S.-China-Taiwan Communication,
1990–1998
183 Notes
261 Index
Acknowledgments and Notes
on Doing International Scholarship
I
wrote A World of Turmoil across many years, so the book encompasses both
vast distances of travel and deep networks of collaborators. These acknowledg-
ments therefore reflect my debts to friends, adventurers, colleagues, research
librarians, students, and interviewees across America, China, Hong Kong, India,
Macau, Nepal, Taiwan, and Tibet.
At the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri, thanks
to Randy Sowell for help locating archival documents regarding U.S.-Formosa
relations in 1949 and 1950.
At the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas, thanks
to Mary Burtzlofff and David Holbrook for help accessing key memos, phone-call
transcripts, letters, and other historical documents from the 1954–1955 Quemoy
crisis.
At the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, Califor-
nia, thanks to Ryan Pettigrew for help locating vi sual materials from the U.S.-China
breakthrough in 1972.
At the William J. Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock, Arkansas, most of
the key documents regarding Lee Teng-hui’s 1995 visit to America and the resulting
1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis, Jiang Zemin’s visit to America in 1997, and President
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