Water Reuse for Irrigation: Agriculture, Landscapes, and Turf Grass

432 Pages·2004·17.73 MB·English

by  Valentina Lazarova

Water Reuse for
Irrigation
Agriculture, Landscapes, and Turf Grass

Water Reuse for
Irrigation
Agriculture, Landscapes, and Turf Grass
Edited by
Valentina Lazarova
Akiça Bahri
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Waterreuseforirrigation:agriculture,landscapes,andturfgrass/editedby
ValentinaLazarova,Akic¸aBahri
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences.
ISBN1-56670-649-1(alk.paper)
1.Irrigationwater–Quality.2.Waterreuse.3.Sewageirrigation–Environmental
aspects. I.Lazarova,Valentine. II.Bahir,Akic¸a.
S618.45W282004
333.9103–dc22 2004055223
Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reprinted
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listed.Reasonableeffortshavebeenmadetopublishreliabledataandinformation,buttheauthor
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About the Authors
Valentina Lazarova graduated with a master’s
degree in Sanitary Engineering from the School
of Civil EngineeringofLeningrad. She earneda
Ph.D. degree from the Technical University of
Chemical Engineering of Sofia, Bulgaria, and a
postdoctoralfellowshipattheNationalInstitute
of Applied Sciences in Toulouse, France.
She started her professional career as project
manager at the Bulgarian National Institute
Vodokanalproekt and assistant professor at the
Center of Biotechnology of the University of
Sofia. Since 1991 Dr. Lazarova has worked at
theTechnicalandResearchCenter(CIRSEE)ofSuezEnvironnement,France,
as project manager and department head for wastewater treatment and reuse.
Themainfocusofheracademicandresearchactivitiesisglobalwater-cycle
management with special attention to water and wastewater treatment and
water-quality management. Her efforts have focused on the transfer and
application of innovative methods and findings resulting from fundamental
researchtoindustry(wastewater-treatmentdesignandoperation).Aparticular
emphasis of her work has been to develop, promote, and apply an inter-
disciplinaryapproachtothedevelopmentofinnovativewater-andwastewater-
treatmentprocessesandintegratedwater-managementstrategiesthataremore
efficient, economically viable, and technically reliable. She has made major
contributionsinthefieldofadvancedbiofilmreactors,disinfection,waterreuse,
water-qualitycontrol,integratedwater-resourcemanagement,andwaterreuse.
Akic¸a Bahri holds agricultural engineer and
doctor-engineer degrees from the National
Polytechnical Institute of Toulouse, France,
and a Ph.D. from the Department of Water
Resources Engineering, Lund University,
Sweden. She works for the National Research
Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Water
and Forestry in her home country of Tunisia.
She has worked in the field of agricultural
use of marginal waters (brackish and waste-
water),sewagesludge,andtheirimpactsonthe
vi About the Authors
environment. She is involved in policy and legislative issues regarding water
reuse and land application of sewage sludge. She is in charge of research
management in the field of agricultural water use. Besides being involved in
research and teaching, she has wide-ranging international experience. She is
member of different international scientific committees.
Abstract
Thepurposeofthisbookistoprovideguidelinesfortheuseandmanagement
of recycled water for both landscape and agricultural irrigation. The target
audience is water and wastewater engineers, administrators and planners,
operators,andrecycledwaterusers.Multidisciplinaryknowledgeinthisfieldis
summarized and can be easily used by students and researchers. To bridge
the gaps between fundamental science (biology, agronomy, environmental
engineering,etc.)andrelativelyunchartedareasofeconomic,institutional,and
liability issues and facilitate the successful planning and operation of water-
reuseprojectsforvariouspurposes,theseguidelinesareintendedtoprovidethe
neededinformation,analysisoftheexistingpractice,andrecommendationsfor
agricultural and landscape irrigation. Emerging issues and concerns are also
covered, such as adverse effects on plants, groundwater, environment, and
public health.

Preface
Growing water scarcity worldwide and stringent water-development regula-
tions to protect the environment are two major challenges facing water
professionals in implementing integrated management of water resources. The
waterpollutioncontroleffortsinmanycountrieshavemadetreatedmunicipal
andindustrialwastewatersuitableforeconomicalaugmentationoftheexisting
water supply when compared to increasingly expensive and environmentally
destructivenewwaterresourcedevelopmentsthatincludedamsandreservoirs.
Thus, the beneficial use of treated municipal wastewater is considered as a
competitive and viable water source option. Recycled water makes it possible
toclosethewatercycleatapointclosertocitiesandfarmsbyproducingwater
from municipal wastewater and reducing wastewater discharge into the
environment.
The use of reclaimed water for agriculture is a major water-reuse practice
world wide. For a number of semi-arid regions and islands, water recycling
providesamajorportionoftheirrigationwater.However,despitewidespread
irrigationwithreclaimedwastewater,water-reuseprogramsarestillfacedwith
a number of technical, economic, social, regulatory, and institutional
challenges. Some of the water-quality concerns and evaluation of long-term
environmental, agronomic, and health impacts remain unanswered. Further-
more, the economic benefits and financial performance of water reuse in
irrigationaredifficulttoassessanddemonstrate.Theeconomicsofwaterreuse
depends on many local conditions, which are difficult to generalize. Often the
costs and benefits of water reuse need to be compared with the environmental
costs and costs to downstream water users.
Theaimofthisbookistobridgesomeofthesegaps,providingasynthesis
of comprehensive information generated by recent advances in science and
practicesofwaterreuseforirrigation.Itpresentsguidelines,recommendations,
and codes of best practice from around the world for all types of uses of
recycledwaterforirrigation.Emerging issuesand concerns are also discussed,
such as adverse effects on plants, groundwater, environment, and public
health.
Planning water-reuse projects for irrigation purposes can also be valuable
for planners and local authorities, as it has numerous associated benefits such
as providing reliable, secure, and drought-proof water sources via recycled
water, closing the water cycle at a small and large scale, improving public