vitamins in animal and human nutrition

812 Pages·2008·4.82 MB·English

Lee Russell McDowell
Vitamins
in
Animal
and
Human
Nutrition
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Iowa State University Press / Ames

V I TA M I N S
I N
A N I M A L
A N D
H U M A N
N U T R I T I O N

Lee Russell McDowell
Vitamins
in
Animal
and
Human
Nutrition
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Iowa State University Press / Ames
Lee Russell McDowell,PhD,is a professor of animal science in the Department of
Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville. His research interests center pri-
marily on minerals for grazing livestock, vitamins for livestock, and feed composition.
Dr. McDowell also collaborates with numerous animal nutritionists in tropical coun-
tries of Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
©2000 Iowa State University Press; 1989 Academic Press
All rights reserved
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Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America
First edition, 1989 (©Academic Press)
Second edition, 2000
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McDowell, L. R.
Vitamins in animal and human nutrition/Lee Russell McDowell—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8138-2630-6
1. Vitamins in human nutrition. 2. Vitamins in animal nutrition.
3. Avitaminosis. I. Title.
QP771.M396 2000
613.2′86—dc21 00-027082
The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is dedicated, with appreciation, to my
parents; my wife, Lorraine; my daughters, Suzannah,
Joanna, and Teresa and their husbands and children; and to
Tony J. Cunha (deceased), the former head of the Depart-
ment of Animal Science at the University
of Florida, for his practical knowledge of the livestock in-
dustry and for his support and encouragement to write
books.

C O N T E N T S
Preface, xv
1. Introduction and Historical Considerations
Definition of Vitamins,3
Classification of Vitamins, 4
Vitamin Nomenclature, 5
Vitamin Requirements, 6
Vitamin Occurrence, 7
History of the Vitamins, 7
References, 13
2. Vitamin A
Introduction, 15
History, 16
Chemical Structure and Properties, 18
Analytical Procedures, 21
Metabolism, 22
Functions, 28
Requirements, 39
Natural Sources, 43
Deficiency, 48
Supplementation, 69
β-Carotene Function Independent of Vitamin A, 75
Toxicity, 78
References, 82
3. Vitamin D
Introduction, 91
History, 91
Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 94
Analytical Procedures, 95
vii
CONTENTS
Metabolism, 97
Functions, 103
Requirements, 111
Natural Sources, 115
Deficiency, 117
Supplementation, 134
Toxicity, 140
References, 147
4. Vitamin E
Introduction, 155
History, 155
Chemical Structure and Properties, 157
Analytical Procedures, 160
Metabolism, 161
Functions, 164
Requirements, 170
Natural Sources, 174
Deficiency, 178
Supplementation, 207
Toxicity, 216
References, 217
5. Vitamin K
Introduction, 227
History, 227
Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 229
Analytical Procedures, 231
Metabolism, 232
Functions, 235
Requirements, 239
Natural Sources, 242
Deficiency, 244
Supplementation, 254
Toxicity, 258
References, 259
6. Thiamin
Introduction, 265
History, 265
Chemical Structure, Properties, and Antagonists, 267
Analytical Procedures, 269