Table Of ContentContributors to This Volume
Lucien Balozet Donald F. McMichael
Wolfgang Bücherl Zvonimir Maretic
D. de Klobusitzky Ulrich W. J. Maschwitz
Alvaro Delgado F. A. Pereira Lima
Carlos R. Diniz Hugo Pesce
J. R. do Valle Zuleika P. Picarelli
E. Habermann A. Rotberg
Bruce W. Halstead Pablo Rubens San Martin
Werner Kloft S. Schenberg
VENOMOUS ANIMALS
AND THEIR VENOMS
Edited by
WOLFGANG BÜCHERL ELEANOR E. BUCKLEY
INSTITUTO BUTANTAN WYETH LABORATORIES
SAO PAULO, BRAZIL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
VOLUME III Venomous Invertebrates
ACADEMIC PRESS New York · London \S 11 I 1971
COPYRIGHT © 1971, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM,
BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY
OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM
THE PUBLISHERS
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 66-14892
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Lucien Balozet,1 Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria (349)
Wolfgang Biicherl, Instituto Butantan, Sâo Paulo and Conselho Nacional de
Pesquisas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (169, 197, 317)
D. de Klobusitzky, Cx. p. 1036, Sâo Paulo, Brazil (443)
Alvaro Delgado,2 Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos, Lima, Peru (119)
Carlos R. Diniz, Departamento de Bioquimica, Faculdade de Medicina,
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil (311)
J. R. do Valle, Departamento de Bioquimica e Farmacologia, Escola Paulista
de Medicina, Sâo Paulo, Brazil (103)
E. Habermann,3 Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Universität
Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (61)
Bruce W. Halstead, World Life Research Institute, Colton, California (395,
419)
Werner Kloft, Institut für Angewandte Zoologie der Universität Bonn,
Federal Republic of Germany (1)
Donald F. McMichael,4 Curator of Mollusks, The Australian Museum,
Sydney, Australia (373)
Zvonimir Maretic, Medicinski Centar, Pula, Croatia, Yugoslavia (299)
Ulrich W. J. Maschwitz, Zoologisches Institut der Universität, Frankfurt
am Main, Federal Republic of Germany (1)
Francisca Augusta Pereira Lima, Serviço de Fisiologia do Instituto Butantan,
Sâo Paulo, Brazil (279)
Hugo Pesce, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos, Lima, Peru (119)
Zuleika P. Picarelli, Departamento de Bioquimica e Farmacologia, Escola
Paulista de Medicina, Sâo Paulo, Brazil (103)
ix
X LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
A. Rotberg, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sâo Paulo, Brazil (157)
Pablo Rubens San Martin, Museo Nacional deHistoria Natural, Montevideo,
Uruguay (95)
Saul Schenberg, Serviço de Fisiologia do Instituto Butantan, Sâo Paulo,
Brazil (279)
1 Present address: Le Rouvre, 43, Traverse du Commandeur, Marseille, France
2 Present address: Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Daniel Alcides Carrion," Lima, Peru.
3 Present address: Pharmakologisches Institut der Justus Liebig-Universität Giessen,
Federal Republic of Germany.
4 Present address: National Parks and Wildlife Service, Sydney, Australia
Preface
The modern trend in the study of the wide field of venomous animals and
their venoms is directed toward basic research that emphasizes zoological
ecology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and immunobiology. The increasing
importance of this development, stimulated also by the political and industrial
expansion into the undeveloped areas of the tropics, is reflected by the
great number of publications on venoms of animal origin. Every year about
10,000 papers are published on this subject, scattered in hundreds of journals
in many languages, thus making it impossible for the individual scientist to
keep abreast of new developments.
The present treatise is an attempt to offer, for the first time, a compre-
hensive presentation of the entire field of the venomous members of the
animal kingdom, of the chemistry and biochemistry of the venoms, of their
pharmacological actions and their antigenic properties. The medical aspects,
both symptomatology and therapy, are included. The work is the result of
close cooperation of seventy-two scientists from thirty-two countries on all
continents. The authors are highly qualified specialists in their specific areas
of research ; their concerted efforts make this work one of unusual scope and
depth.
Volume I of this three-volume work is devoted to venomous mammals and
begins the extensive section on snakes. Volume II continues the discussion
on snakes and includes the saurians, batrachians, and fishes. The venomous
invertebrates, such as insects, centipedes, spiders, and scorpions, venomous
mollusks, and marine animals, are presented in Volume III.
The interdisciplinary aspects of the subject necessitated assigning several
chapters to a single group of animals and offering separate sections covering
the zoological, chemical, and biomédical points of view.
It is hoped that these volumes will be valuable reference works and stim-
ulating guides for future research to all investigators in the field; they will
also serve the needs of physicians and veterinarians seeking information on
the injuries caused by venomous animals. The volumes should also facilitate
the teaching of this important topic and should prove a welcome source of
instruction to students and to the large group of laymen interested in this
fascinating field of natural science.
The editors wish to thank the authors for their cooperation and for
generously contributing the results of their work and experience.
XI
Xll PREFACE
Our thanks are also due to the staff of Academic Press for helpful advice,
patience, and understanding.
We cannot conclude this preface without expressing our gratitude to
Professor Dionysio de Klobusitzky who conceived the idea of this treatise
and outlined its initial organization.
WOLFGANG BÜCHERL
ELEANOR E. BUCKLEY
Contents of Other Volumes
Volume I
VENOMOUS VERTEBRATES
Development of Knowledge about Venoms
CHAUNCEY D. LEAKE
VENOMOUS MAMMALS
Chapter 1. The Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and Its Venomous
Characteristics
J. H. CALABY
Chapter 2. Classification, Biology, and Description of the Venom Apparatus
of Insectivores of the Genera Solenodon, Neomys, and Blarina
GEORGE H. POURNELLE
Chapter 3. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Insectivore Venoms
MICHALINA PUCEK
VENOMOUS SNAKES
Chapter 4. Karyotypes, Sex Chromosomes, and Chromosomal Evolution in
Snakes
WILLY BEÇAK
Chapter 5. Extraction and Quantities of Venom Obtained from Some
Brazilian Snakes
HELIO EMERSON BELLUOMINI
Chapter 6. The Protein and Nonprotein Constituents of Snake Venoms
ANIMA DEVI
xiii
XIV CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES
Chapter 7. Enzymes in Snake Venoms
N. K. S ARK AR AND ANIMA DEVI
Chapter 8. Bradykinin Formation by Snake Venoms
CARLOS R. DINIZ
Chapter 9. Coagulant, Proteolytic, and Hemolytic Properties of Some Snake
Venoms
G. ROSENFELD, L. NAHAS, AND E. M. A. KELEN
VENOMOUS SNAKES OF THE WORLD
Chapter 10. Methods of Classification of Venomous Snakes
KONRAD KLEMMER
Chapter 11. Venomous Sea Snakes (Hydrophiidae)
MICHEL BARME
VENOMOUS SNAKES OF CENTRAL AND SOUTH AFRICA
Chapter 12. Classification and Distribution of European, North African, and
North and West Asiatic Venomous Snakes
KONRAD KLEMMER
Chapter 13A. Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Snake Venoms of Europe
and the Mediterranean Regions
P. BOQUET
Chapter 13B. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Snake Venoms of Europe and
the Mediterranean Regions
P. BOQUET
Chapter 14. Symptomatology, Pathology, and Treatment of Bites by Near
Eastern, European, and North African Snakes
S. GITTER AND A. DE VRIES
Chapter 15. The Venomous Snakes of Central and South Africa
DONALD G. BROADLEY
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES XV
Chapter 16. The Venoms of Central and South African Snakes
POUL AGERHOLM CHRISTENSEN
Chapter 17. The Symptomatology, Pathology, and Treatment of the Bites of
Venomous Snakes of Central and Southern Africa
DAVID S. CHAPMAN
VENOMOUS SNAKES OF EAST ASIA, INDIA, MALAYA, AND
INDONESIA
Chapter 18. The Venomous Terrestrial Snakes of East Asia, India, Malaya,
and Indonesia
ALAN E. LEVITON
Chapter 19. Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Venoms of Asiatic Snakes
B. N. GHOSH AND D. K. CHAUDHURI
Chapter 20. Symptomatology, Pathology, and Treatment of Land Snake Bite
in India and Southeast Asia
H. ALISTAIR REID
Volume II
VENOMOUS VERTEBRATES
VENOMOUS SNAKES
Chapter 21. Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Venoms of Asiatic Snakes
D. K. CHAUDHURI, S. R. MAITRA, AND B. N. GHOSH
Chapter 22. The Story of Some Indian Poisonous Snakes
P. J. DEORAS
Chapter 23. The Venomous Snakes of Australia and Melanesia
HAROLD G. COGGER
Chapter 24. The Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Venoms of the Snakes
of Australia and Oceania
E. R. TRETHEWIE
