Table Of ContentContributors to This Volume
G. C. AINSWORTH
PETER K. C. AUSTWICK PETER MAZUR
J. A. BARNETT DAVID PARK
C. G. C. CHESTERS CLAYTON PERSON
B. J. DEVERALL K. A. PIROZYNSKI
C. L. DUDDINGTON JOHN R. RAPER
RALPH EMERSON D. B. O. SAVILE
J. L. HARLEY H. P. R. SEELIGER
T. JOHNSON GEORGE SMITH
T. W. JOHNSON, JR. FREDERICK K. SPARROW, JR.
MORTEN LANGE A. S. SUSSMAN
M. F. MADELIN JOHN SAVILLE WAID
G. W. MARTIN B. E. J. WHEELER
THE FUNGI
An Advanced Treatise
Edited by
G. C. AINSWORTH
COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
KEW, SURREY, ENGLAND
ALFRED S. SUSSMAN
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN
VOLUME III
The Fungal Population
1968
ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London
COPYRIGHT© 1968, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM,
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
List of Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
G. C. Ainsworth, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, Eng
land (211, 505)
Peter K. C. Austwick, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agricul
ture, Fisheries and Food, Weybridge, Surrey, England (419)
J. A. Barnett,* King's College, Cambridge, England (557)
C. G. C. Chesters, Department of Botany, The University, Nottingham,
England (517)
B. J. Deverall, Botany Department, Imperial College, London, England
(129)
C. L. Duddington, Biological Laboratories, The Polytechnic, London,
England (239)
Ralph Emerson, Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley,
California (105)
J. L. Harley, Department of Botany, University of Sheffield, Sheffield,
England (139)
T. Johnson, Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Station, Winni
peg, Canada (543)
T. W. Johnson, Jr., Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina (95)
Morten Lange, Institut for Sporeplanter, Copenhagen, Denmark (625)
M. F. Madelin, Department of Botany, The University, Bristol, England
(227, 253)
G. W. Martin, Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
(635)
Peter Mazur, Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee (325)
David Park,t Department of Botany, Manchester University, Manchester,
England (5)
Clayton Person,$ Department of Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmon
ton, Canada (395)
* Present address: Food Research Institute, Norwich, England.
t Present address: Department of Botany, The Queen's University, Belfast, North
ern Ireland.
t Present address: Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Van
couver, Canada.
VI List of Contributors
K. A. Pirozynski,* Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey,
England (487)
John R. Raper, Department of Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts (677)
D. B. O. Savile, Plant Research Institute, Central Experimental Farm,
Ottawa, Canada (649)
H. P. R. Seeliger, Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie der Bayerischen
Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany (597)
George Smith, Department of Biochemistry, London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine, London, England (273)
Frederick K. Sparrow, Jr., Department of Botany, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan (41)
A. S. Sussman, Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan (447)
John Saville Waid,f Department of Botany, University of New England,
Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, and Department of Agron
omy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (289)
B. E. J. Wheeler, Imperial College Field Station, Silwood Park, Sunning-
hill, Berks, England (179)
* Present address: Plant Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
f Present address: Department of Soil Science, University of Reading, Reading,
England.
Preface
After having considered the fungal cell and the fungal organism in the
first two volumes of this treatise in which what is known about fungi as
fungi is summarized, a third traverse of the group is now made at the
population level.
Attempts are made to relate fungi to their environment as saprobes,
symbionts (as exemplified by mycorrhiza), and parasites, while the
"domestication" of fungi for human ends is touched on. The effects of the
interaction of fungi with their environment are considered from various
points of view, and the summation of these effects as reflected in the
geographical distribution and number of fungi is discussed. Finally, after
considering the principal methods of approach to the taxonomy of fungi,
there is some speculation on phylogeny and evolutionary trends.
The intention was that this should be the concluding volume of this
treatise. However, in response to pressure, a fourth and final volume in
which accounts will be given by specialists of the main fungal groups is
now in preparation.
G. C. AINSWORTH
Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England
A. S. SUSSMAN
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
June, 1968
vii
Contents of
Previous Volumes
VOLUME I
THE FUNGAL CELL
INTRODUCTION Utilization of Inorganic Nitrogen Com
Historical Introduction to Mycology pounds and Amino Acids by Fungi
G. C. AlNSWORTH D. J. D. NICHOLAS
Fungal Structure and Organization Integration of Cellular Metabolism
C. J. HICKMAN MARKO ZALOKAR
CELL COMPONENTS NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF
The Cell Wall CELLS
JEROME M. ARONSON
Uptake and Translocation
Flagella 1. Uptake
A. P. KOLE ÄSER ROTHSTEIN
The Ultrastructure of Fungal Cells Uptake and Translocation
ROYALL T. MOORE 2. Translocation
Somatic Nuclei and Forms of Mitosis in E. P. HILL
Fungi The Chemical Environment for Fungal
C. F. ROBINOW AND A. BAKERSPIGEL Growth
Nuclear Behavior during Meiosis 1. Media, Macro- and Micronutrients
LINDSAY S. OLIVE VIRGIL GREENE LILLY
Chemical Constituents of the Fungal Cell The Chemical Environment for Fungal
1. Elemental Constituents and Their Growth
Roles 2. Carbon Sources
VIRGIL GREENE LILLY D. PERLMAN
Chemical Constituents of the Fungal Cell The Chemical Environment for Fungal
2. Special Chemical Products Growth
JOHN HOWARD BIRKINSHAW 3. Vitamins and Other Organic Growth
Factors
Carbohydrate Metabolism
/. Glycolysis NILS FRIES
HAROLD J. BLUMENTHAL The Chemical Environment for Fungal
Carbohydrate Metabolism Growth
2. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 4. Chemical Inhibition
R. J. W. BYRDE
D. J. NIEDERPRUEM
Carbohydrate Metabolism The Physical Environment for Fungal
3. Terminal Oxidation and Electron Growth
Transport 1. Temperature
ARISTID LINDENMAYER B. J. DEVERALL
xvii
xviii Contents of Previous Volumes
The Physical Environment for Fungal The Mechanism of Cellular Extension
Growth and Branching
2. Hydrostatic Pressure N. F. ROBERTSON
RICHARD Y. MORITA Growth Rhythms
The Physical Environment for Fungal STEPHEN JEREBZOFF
Growth Special Growth Techniques (Synchrony,
3. Light Chemostasis )
ROBERT M. PAGE ALLAN CAMPBELL
The Physical Environment for Fungal
GENE ACTION
Growth
4. Effects of Radiation Gene Action
S. POMPER D. G. CATCHESIDE
Kinetics of Fungal Growth Author Index—Subject Index—Index to
G. R. MANDELS Fungi, Lichens, and Actinomycetes
Contents of Previous Volumes xix
VOLUME II
THE FUNGAL ORGANISM
THE PROTOPLAST PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
Protoplasts of Fungi Sex Hormones in Fungi
JULIO R. VILLANUEVA LEONARD MACHLIS
Environmental Influences on Reproduc
CELL AGGREGATES tion
Aggregation of Unicells: Yeasts LILIAN E. HAWKER
E. O. MORRIS
REPRODUCTION AND INHERI
TANCE
THE MULTICELLULAR CONDITION
Life Cycles, Basic Patterns of Sexuality,
Vegetative Structures
and Sexual Mechanisms
GILLIAN M. BUTLER
JOHN R. RAPER
Sporulating Structures in Fungi Imper Mechanisms of Inheritance
fect! 1. Mendelian
KEISUKE TUBAKI STERLING EMERSON
Mechanisms of Inheritance
Fruit Bodies in Ascomycetes
2. Heterokaryosis
C. BOOTH
ROWLAND H. DAVIS
The Hyphal Structure of the Basidiocarp Mechanisms of Inheritance
ALEXANDER H. SMITH 3. The Parasexual Cycle
J. A. ROPER
MECHANISMS OF MORPHOGENESIS
Mechanisms of Inheritance
Dimorphism 4. Extranuclear Inheritance
ANTONIO H. ROMANO J. L. JINKS
Morphogenesis in the Myxomycètes Incompatibility
CONSTANTINE J. ALEXOPOULOS KARL ESSER
Organization and Synthesis in the Cellu DISSEMINATION
lar Slime Molds
Spore Release
JAMES H. GREGG
C. T. INGOLD
Morphogenesis in Aquatic Fungi
Dispersal
EDWARD C. CANTINO
P. H. GREGORY
Morphogenesis in Ascomycetes
Dormancy and Spore Germination
G. TURIAN ALFRED S. SUSSMAN
Morphogenesis in Basidiomycetes Author Index—Subject Index—Index to
W. A. TABER Fungi, Lichens, and Actinomycetes
CHAPTER 1
The Ecology of Terrestrial Fungi
DAVID PARK1
Department of Botany
Manchester University
Manchester, England
I. INTRODUCTION
It is widely recognized that in the field of ecology there are fundamental
principles that apply to most organisms, including man as well as micro
organisms. Workers investigating a particular type of organism can define
processes and formulate principles of application to ecology generally.
Conversely work in a restricted field can often benefit from the application
of ideas deriving from work on very different organisms. In many ways
the ecology of fungi demonstrates these generalities and has great similari
ties to that of other groups; it has sometimes confirmed work in other fields
and sometimes contributed to it. Fungi, because of their small size and
their rapid activity permit a study on a smaller scale than do many more
traditional ecological materials, and they can be particularly useful in this
role. However, partly because fungi have certain special features of somatic
morphology, of physiology and of genetics, as described in earlier accounts
in these volumes, there are some important ways in which their ecology
differs from that of higher plants and animals, and these differences will
carry most of the emphasis in this account.
The large surf ace : volume ratio inherent in the hyphal growth form
gives a large contact with the environment and greatly affects fungal
biology. Ecologists studying root systems of higher plants have sometimes
been impressed with the surf ace : volume ratio there, but in filamentous,
and even more in unicellular, fungi the surface for contact with the environ
ment is extremely high in relation to the total mass of protoplasm. Not
only is the area of contact large, but there is no great distance between
any point in the protoplasm itself and the environment. Whereas the higher
1 Present address: Department of Botany, The Queen's University, Belfast, North
Ireland.
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