Table Of ContentThe English-Speaking Alliance
By the same author:
‘Appeasement' and the English Speaking World. Britain, the United States, the
Dominions and the Policy of 'Appeasement', 1937-1939 (1975)
The Origins of the Arab-hraeli Wars (1984)
The Foreign Policy of the British Labour Governments, 1945-1951, editor
(1984)
The
English-Speaking
Alliance
Britain, the United States,
the Dominions and the Cold War
1945-1951
Ritchie Ovendale
University College of VJales, Aberystwyth
London
GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN
Boston Sydney
@ Ritchie Ovendale, 1985
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention.
No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved.
George Allen Sc Unwin (Publishers) Ltd,
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George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd,
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8 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
First published in 1985
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Ovendale, Ritchie
The English-speaking alliance: Britain, the
United States, the Dominions and the Cold War,
1945-1951.
1. World politics—1945-
I. Title
327.09'04 D840
ISBN 0-04-327078-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ovendale, Ritchie.
The English-speaking alliance.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Great Britain—Foreign relations—1945-
2. Commonwealth of Nations—Foreign relations.
3. United States—Foreign relations—Great Britain.
4. Great Britain—Foreign relations—United States.
5. World politics—1945-1955. I. Title.
DA588.089 1985 327.73041 85-11075
ISBN 0-04-32078-6 (alk. paper)
Set in 10 on 11V2 point Palatino by V & M Graphics Ltd, Aylesbury, Bucks
and printed in Great Britain by Billing and Sons Ltd,
London and Worcester
To withstand the great concentration of power now
stretching from China to the Oder, the UK and Western
Europe must be able to rely on the full support of the
English speaking democracies of the Western Hemisphere;
and for the original conception of Western Union we must
now begin to substitute the wider conception of the
Atlantic Community. (Ernest Bevin, 8 May 1950)
The people in this country were pinning their faith on a
policy of defence built on a Commonwealth-U.S.A. basis -
an English-speaking basis. People here were frankly
doubtful of Europe. How could he go down to his
constituency - Woolwich - which had been bombed by
Germans in the war, and tell his constituents that the
Germans would help them in a war against Russia?
Londoners would not rely on the Germans; if the Germans
come in to help, so much the better. But reliance must be
placed on America and the Commonwealth. Similarly in
regard to France, the man in the street, coming back from a
holiday there, was almost invariably struck by the defeatist
attitude of the French. (Ernest Bevin, 23 August 1950)
Contents
Acknowledgements page ix
Part One Introduction
1 The Inheritance 3
Part Two The Cold War in Europe
2 Bevin and the Russians 29
3 Marshall Aid and Western Defence 59
Part Three The Cold War in The Middle East
4 British Paramountcy in the Middle East 89
5 The Middle East Command 117
Part Four The Cold War in Asia
6 The Cold War in South-East Asia 145
7 The Recognition of Communist China 185
8 Korea and the Pacific 211
Part Five The Cold War in Africa
9 The Significance of South Africa 245
Part Six Conclusions
10 Defence Policy and Global Strategy 273
Bibliography 290
Index 299
Acknowledgements
Part of the research for this book was made possible by grants from
the British Academy and its Small Grants Fund in the Humanities,
and a visiting research fellowship from the American Council of
Learned Societies tenable at the University of Virginia, Charlottes
ville. The Australian National University, Canberra, kindly elected
me a visiting research fellow in the Department of International
Relations attached to the Research School of Pacific Studies.
I should like to thank the following for assistance: Dr
Christopher Andrew, Sir Harold Beeley, Peter L. Boulting, Gillian
Bromley, Professor Inis Claude, Professor D. K. Fieldhouse,
Professor John Garnett, Professor Agnes Headlam-Morley, Profes
sor Ieuan John, Professor James Joli, Professor Nicholas Mansergh,
Professor J. D. B. Miller, Professor Ian Nish, the late Professor
F. S. Northedge, Dr James Piscatori, Sir Frank K. Roberts,
Professor Keith Robbins, Professor Jack Spence, Lucy Seton-
Watson, Anthony Short, David Steeds, Professor Geoffrey
Warner, Professor D. Cameron Watt and Dr Moorhead Wright.
I am grateful to the library staffs of many institutions and
archives for their expertise. In particular I should like to thank the
following and, where appropriate, acknowledge permission to
quote from collections in their custody: Churchill College,
Cambridge and the Earl Attlee for the Attlee Papers; the British
Library for the Oliver Harvey Diaries; the British Library of Political
and Economic Science for the Dalton Papers; the Western Manu
scripts Department of the Bodleian Library, and the Master and
Fellows of University College, Oxford, for the Attlee Papers; the Guy
W. Bailey Library, the University of Vermont, for the Warren R.
Austin and Ernest Gibson Jr's papers; the Alderman Library,
University of Virginia, for the Edward R. Stettinius Jr and J. Rives
Childes' collections; the Robert Muldrow Cooper Library, Clemson
University, for the James F. Byrnes Papers; the George C. Marshall
Library, Virginia Military Institute, for George C. Marshall's papers
and other collections housed there; Princeton University Library;
the Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri; the Franklin
D. Roosevelt Library; Georgetown University Library for the Robert
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
F. Wagner Papers; the Library of Congress Manuscript Division; the
National Archives in Washington together with the National
Records Centre at Suitland, Maryland; the Australian Archives in
Canberra; and the Australian National Library, Canberra, for the
papers of Sir Percy Spender and Sir Robert Menzies. The staff of
the Public Record Office, London, was always obliging and
courteous; copyright material housed there appears by permission
of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Mrs Chris Chadwick, Mrs
Kathy Hamilton and the staff of the Hugh Owen Library,
University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, were willing and
cheerful.
Some of the material used in this book originally appeared in:
International Affairs, the quarterly journal of the Royal Institute of
International Affairs, London, published by Butterworths; the
Historical Journal, published by Cambridge University Press; History,
published by Longman; and The Foreign Policy of the British Labour
Governments, 1945-1951, published by Leicester University Press. 1
appreciate permission from the respective editors to incorporate
that work.
