the cambridge history of africa

761 Pages·2009·19.98 MB·English

THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY
OF AFRICA
General Editors: J. D. FAGE and ROLAND OLIVER
Volume 3
from c. 1050 to c. 1600
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY
OF AFRICA
i From the Earliest Times to c. 500 BC
edited by J. Desmond Clark
2 From c. 500 BC to AD 1050
edited by J. D. Fage
3 From c. 1050 to c. 1600
edited by Roland Oliver
4 From c. 1600 to c. 1790
edited by Richard Gray
5 From c. 1790 to c. 1870
edited by John Flint
6 From 1870 to 1920
edited by G. N. Sanderson
7 From 1920 to 1942
edited by A. D. Roberts
8 From 1943 to the 19708
edited by Michael Crowder
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
THE CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
AFRICA
Volume 3
from c. 1050 to c. 1600
edited by
ROLAND OLIVER
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
Cambridge University Press
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521209816
© Cambridge University Press 1977
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1977
6th printing 2007
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
The Cambridge history of Africa
Bibliography: v. 3
Includes index.
CONTENTS:
v. 3: From c. 1050 to c. 1600, edited by R. Oliver.
1. Africa - History - Collected works. I. Fage, J.D.
II. Oliver, Roland Anthony
DT 20. C 28 96o 76-2261
ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for
the persistence or accuracy of URLS for external or
third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such
Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
List of maps page ix
Preface xi
Introduction: some interregional themes i
by ROLAND OLIVER, Professor of the History of
Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies,
University of London
1 Egypt, Nubia and the Eastern Deserts 10
by IVAN HRBEK, Professor of Oriental History, The
Charles University, Prague
The Fatimids 10
The Ayyubids 27
The Mamluks 39
Egypt and Nubia 69
The arabization of the Sudan 75
Relations with north-east and East Africa 81
Relations with the Maghrib and West Africa 86
Egypt's role in Africa 95
2 Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn 98
by TADDESSE TAMRAT, Visiting Associate Professor of the
History and Literature of Religions, Northwestern University,
Evans ton, Illinois
The ninth and tenth centuries 99
Christian Ethiopia, c. 1000-1150 108
The Zagwe dynasty, c. 1150-1270 112
The rise of the 'Solomonic' dynasty 123
Islam in Ethiopia and the Horn, c. 1100-1376 134
Further Christian expansion, c. 1376-1468 150
The revival of Muslim power, c. 1468-1543 164
Europe and Christian Ethiopia, c. 1400-1543 177
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
3 The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean 183
by H. NEVILLE CHITTICK, Director of the British Institute
in Eastern Africa
The earliest Muslim settlements 190
The Shirazi dynasty 201
The Mahdali dynasty at Kilwa 204
The towns of the coast 209
Madagascar 219
The Portuguese 227
4 The eastern Maghrib and the central Sudan 232
by H. J. FISHER, Reader in the History of Africa,
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of
London
The eastern Maghrib 241
The desert and its trade 259
States of the central Sudan 287
Iron, horses and guns 305
The penetration of Islam 312
j The western Maghrib and Sudan 331
by NEHEMIA LEVTZION, Professor of History, Institute of
African and Asian Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Almoravids and Almohads 331
Ghana and its successor states 348
Marinids in Morocco and 'Abd al-Wadids in Tlemcen 354
The hegemony of Mali in the western Sudan 376
Sharifs and Ottomans in the Maghrib 3 96
The hegemony of Songhay 41 j
6 Upper and Lower Guinea 463
by J. D. FAGE, Professor of African History, University of
Birmingham
Prolegomena and orientations 463
Developments before the arrival of Europeans on
the coast 482
The period of European involvement $03
VI
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
CONTENTS
7 Central Africa from Cameroun to the Zambezi 519
by DAVID BIRMINGHAM, Lecturer in the History of Africa,
School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
Southern Central Africa 521
Western Central Africa j 3 3
The opening of the Atlantic 542
Northern Central Africa j j 7
8 Southern Africa 567
by DAVID BIRMINGHAM and SHULA MARKS, Lecturers in
the History of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies,
University of London
The north-east 569
South of the Limpopo 597
9 The East African interior 621
by ROLAND OLIVER
The Later Iron Age 625
The interlacustrine region 630
The central Tanzanian region 646
The Rift Valley region 652
The coastal hinterland 664
bibliographical essays 670
Bibliography 702
Index 749
Vll
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
MAPS
i Egypt, Syria and the main trade-routes page 20
2. Nubia 73
3 Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn 99
4 North-eastern Africa - major trade-routes 141
j The Indian Ocean lands 184
6 The East Coast settlements 191
7 Sofala and Madagascar 221
8 The eastern Maghrib and the central Sudan 236
9 The western Maghrib and northern Sahara 332
10 The western Sudan and southern Sahara 350
11 Upper and Lower Guinea 470
12 Central Africa 5 20
13 Southern Central Africa $23
14 Western Central Africa 534
15 Between the Zambezi and the Limpopo 578
16 South of the Limpopo 600
17 The Later Iron Age intrusion 627
18 The interlacustrine region 633
19 The central Tanzanian region 648
20 The Rift Valley region 655
IX
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008