Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid: South Africa and World Politics (Rethinking the Twentieth Century)

267 Pages·2005·0.65 MB·English

by  Adrian Guelke

Rethinking the Rise and
Fall of Apartheid
South Africa and World Politics
Adrian Guelke
Rethinking the Rise and Fall of Apartheid
Rethinking World Politics
General Editor:Professor Michael Cox,London School of Economics
In an age of increased academic specialization where more and more books about
smaller and smaller topics are becoming the norm, this major new series is designed
to provide a forum and a stimulus for leading scholars to address big issues in world
politics in an accessible but original manner. A key aim is to transcend the intellectual
and disciplinary boundaries which have so often served to limit rather than enhance
our understanding of the modern world. In the best tradition of engaged scholarship,
it aims to provide clear new perspectives to help make sense of a world in flux.
Each book addresses a major issue or event that has had a formative influence on the
twentieth century or the twenty-first century world which is now emerging. Each
makes its own distinctive contribution as well as providing an original but accessible
guide to competing lines of interpretation.
Taken as a whole, the series will rethink contemporary international politics in ways
that are lively, informed and – above all – provocative.
Published In preparation
Adrian Guelke Rethinking Communism
Rethinking the Rise and Fall Rethinking European Integration
of Apartheid Rethinking Global Governance
Rethinking the Twentieth Century
Forthcoming Rethinking the Cold War
Rethinking the Emergence of a Global Economy
John Dumbrell
Rethinking the Post-Cold War World Order
Rethinking the Vietnam War
Rethinking the Rise of Islam
David H. Dunn Rethinking the First World War
Rethinking Transatlanticism Rethinking the Second World War
Richard Stubbs Rethinking the Third World
Rethinking the Asian Rethinking the Twenty Years Crisis: 1919–39
Economic Miracle Rethinking US Hegemony
Rethinking the Rise and
Fall of Apartheid
South Africa and World Politics
Adrian Guelke
© Adrian Guelke 2005
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as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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Contents
List of Tables vi
List of Abbreviations vii
Chronology ix
Preface xii
1. Introduction: Apartheid’s Global Significance 1
2. The Debate on the Nature of South African
Racial Policies: Totalitarian or Colonial? 21
3. Origins of Racial Policy: Consequence of an
Imperialist War or the Prejudice of the Frontier? 41
4. Segregation: Home-Grown or Imported? 61
5. The Theory and Practice of Apartheid:
Was There a Blueprint? 83
6. South Africa in a Post-Colonial World:
Modernising or Eroding Apartheid? 105
7. From Vorster to Botha: New Departure or
Militarised Cul de Sac? 127
8. The Pursuit of a Negotiated Settlement:
Choice or Necessity? 147
9. The Unexpected Transition to Majority Rule:
Analysing a Miracle? 166
10.The Worldwide Anti-Apartheid Movement:
Peripheral or Crucial? 188
11.Conclusion: Taking the Long View on
Apartheid’s Demise 208
Notes 219
Concise Bibliography 236
Index 238
v
List of Tables
2.1 Reclassifications, 1986 26
4.1 General election results in seats, 1910–48 68
5.1 General election results in seats, 1953–66 96
6.1 General election results, 1970 and 1974 122
7.1 General election results, 1977 and 1981 136
8.1 General election results, 1987 and 1989 153
9.1 Monthly totals of political fatalities in
South Africa, 1985 to 1996 178
9.2 A selection of twenty-five prominent episodes
of political violence 180
9.3 General election results, 1994 and 1999 186
11.1 Population of South Africa by race in
census years, 1911–96 210
11.2 Gross domestic product per capita, 1960–96,
at constant 1990 prices 211
vi
List of Abbreviations
ANC African National Congress
APLA Azanian People’s Liberation Army
AWB Afrikaner Weerstands Beweging – resistance
movement
CAAA Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
CODESA Convention for a Democratic South Africa
COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions
DP Democratic Party
DTA Democratic Turnhalle Alliance
EC European Community
EPG Eminent Persons Group
ESAP Economic Structural Adjustment Programme
FAK Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations
FDI foreign direct investment
Frelimo Front for the Liberation of Mozambique
GM General Motors
HNP Herenigde Nasionale Party (–1951)
HNP Herstigte Nasionale Party (1969–)
ICJ International Committee of Jurists
ICU Industrial and Commercial Workers Union
IFP Inkatha Freedom Party
IOC International Olympic Committee
ITTF International Table Tennis Federation
MK Umkhonto we Sizwe
MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
MPNP Multi-party Negotiating Process
NGOs non-governmental organisations
NRC Native Representative Council
NSC National Security Council
OAU Organisation of African Unity
OB Oxwagon Sentinels
PAC Pan-African Congress
PFP Progressive Federal Party
vii
viii Abbreviations
PWV Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging
RSA Republic of South Africa
SACOS South African Council on Sport
SACP South African Communist Party
SAIC South African Indian Congress
SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations
SANNC South African Native National Congress
SANROC South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee
SASA South African Sports Association
SAONGA South African Olympic and National Games
Association
SATTB South African Table Tennis Board
SWAPO South West African People’s Organisation
TEC Transitional Executive Council
TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission
UDF United Democratic Front
UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence
ULPP Urban Labour Preference Policy
Brief Chronology of South
Africa since the Discovery of
Diamonds
1867 Discovery of diamonds in the interior
1871 British annexation of the diamond fields (as Griqualand
West)
1872 Cape Colony granted responsible government
1877 British annexation of the Transvaal in the context of the
promotion of South African Confederation
1879 Anglo-Zulu War
1880–1 First Anglo-Boer War ends British rule over the Transvaal
1886 Discovery of the main gold reef on the Witwatersrand and
founding of Johannesburg
1895 Jameson Raid aimed at the overthrow of President Kruger
1899 Outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War
1902 Peace Treaty of Vereeniging ends Second Anglo-Boer War
1905 Report of South African Native Affairs Commission
1910 Union of South Africa comes into being
1911 Passage of Mines and Works Act
1912 Formation of South African Native National Congress
(changing name to the ANC in 1923)
1913 Passage of Natives Land Act
1914 Formation of National Party
1915 South Africa conquers German South West Africa
1922 Rand revolt by white miners
1923 Passage of Natives (Urban Areas) Act establishing control
over movement into towns
1924 Election of National Party–Labour coalition
1934 Formation of United Party out of fusion of National Party
and South African Party
1936 Passage of Representation of Natives Act removing
Africans from the voters’ roll in the Cape
ix