Reading Japanese

619 Pages·1976·54.78 MB·English

by  Eleanor Harz Jorden

，
READING JAPANESE
EleanHoarr zJ orden
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YalUen iverPsrietsys
NewH aveann dL ondon
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Copyrigh1t9©7 6b yY alUen iversity.
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Allr ighrtess erved
Thibso okm ayn otb er eproducienwd h,o loer i np aritn,
anyf or(mb eyotnhda cto pyipengr mittbeySd e ctioI0 n7s
and1 08o ft heU .S.C opyriLghatwa nde xcebpyt
間viewefrostrh ep ublpirce ssw)i,t howurti tten
permissfiroontm hep ublishers
LibraorfyC ongr巴csastalcoagr ndu mbe7r5:- 18176
Internatsitoannadlab roodk numbers:
0-300一01912-(c2lo出）
0-300一0191-30(ppear)
Copyriigshc tl aimuendt Dielc ember3 1,1 990T.h ereafter
alplo rtioofnt sh iwso rkc overb巴ydt hicso pyriwgihltl
bei nt hep ubldiocm ain.
Thiwso rkw asd eveloupnedde arc ontrwaicttth h eU .S.
Of自coefE ducatiDoenp,a rtmoefnH te altEhd,u cation,
andW elfarHeo.w evetrh,ec o ntednote nso tn ecessarily
何日ectthepo sitoirop no liocfyt haAtg enc,ay ndn oo fficial
endorsemoeftn hte smea terisahlosu lbdei nferred
DesignbeySd a llSyu lliavnadsn e itn T imeRso mant ype.
Printientd h Uen itSetda toefAs m eribcya
CouriCeorm paniIensc,.
20 19 18
CONTENTS
「1ハU
Ackwnloedgments lX Less7o( nH irnaαg）d
SymbaonlEdsx amples
Introduction Xl qJ
Summary
－sa SyllaCbolnessi osft ing
Less1o( nK atakana)
Consno十tnya +Vowel 76
Introduction 7’Aυ
ReadiDnrlgis l 77
Notes
nxu11
SymboanlEdsx amples Less8o( nHi 均gαd）n
Summary t－ SymbaonlEdsx amples
’EAハU HitsocraiSlp leilng
Less2o( nK atakdnα）
『／
SpecSiyamlb ols
Notes
SymbaonlEdsx amples Summa(rKya takHainraanxu,11αg ）d n
ReadDirnlgis l
Diacritics
21
Summary －－ハVLess9o( nK a元1z 2i5) 90
今ヰ－U Introduction 90
Less3o( nK atakana)
Kaiizi 94
Notes nxu今J
ReadDirngi lls 109
Symlbosan Edx amples A斗
声、d
Summary 今3Less1o0(n K aii2z6i- 50) 113
3111
Lm｛Kon4（、lv「仰MGk α11 ウ』今J36 KRaeiiazdiDi rnligsl 112731
SLVOHIw勺aごい0日A（unS「oonσむ．Pi o 36 Suppelmen(tO rderinnxuP「dg of
SSIMn制nd江nPC町Co町poomn民sua代主nιHr－－odm中yHMn叩〕a300川tnpfnnbrt5（dC IUJuw比心I．lノn閉n山い・一町同pしw．O印V会ELun－a rr l＆a nウ』11rOAVJ44434159 LCeKRαoseS元nsayz1todli1(eDnilK xrn aRaltgibens5u llaz1 aedi7 l5si ))n g nxu正U1111143394132 51
u
Supple(mHeolnt te
Less5o( nH in均ghdna) A斗00
Intr－oduc ti，且on 1u今，L吋LAU寸0o Advertisement) 135
A斗ny
kSSuymmmbaoarnlJ yEds x uamples qJζJA斗A斗 LKeas元s1zo2(inK a元7z6i-100nxu)ζu 11555 5
NigoarniMd a ru F、JP、J ReadDirngi lls 167
u
ReadDinrilgls ContexRteuaadli ng 107
m Supple(mIennnt
Less6o( nH iragana) 戸、Jny
SymbaonlEdsx vamlspe 戸、dny Advertisemen t)1 76
ぷU弓J
Summary Less1o3(n K a元1z0i15-)1 2 178
LonCgo nsonaannLdt osn g Kα元zi 178
Vowes＋l 65 ReadDirngi lls 109
ReadiDnrgi lls 67 ContexRteuaadli ng 193
∞
一
O
同
Vlll CONTENTS
Supple(mCelnott hing Supple(mSeonmNteo toens
Advertisement)2 00 Kanzi) 383
Less1o4(n K an1z2i6 -150) 202 Less2o1(n K an3z0iト 325) 385
Kaid 202 Kanzi 385
ReadDinrgi lls 215 ReadDirngi lls 399
ContexRteuaadli ng 217 ContexRteuaadli ng 404
Supple(mKean元tz i Supple(mAednvte rtising
Dictionaries) 226 Samples) 414
Less2o2(n K ，α元3z2i6-350) 416
Less1o5(n K a元1z5i1-175) 229
Kanzi 416
Kanzi 229
ReadDirngi lls 430
ReadDinrgi lls 242
ContexRteuaadli ng 434
ContexRteuaadli ng 245
Supple(mPeonstt cards4)4 3
Supple(mPeenrtsa onnda l
PlaNcaem es) 253 Less2o3(n K ，α元3z5i1-375) 447
Kanzi 447
Less1o6(n K a元1z7i6-200) 255
ReadDirngi lls 461
Kanzi 255
ContexRteuaadli ng 465
ReadDirnig lls 268
Supple(mSetnytl istic
Contextual Read2i7n1g
Variation) 474
Supple(mWeenattR heepro rt
Drill) 278 Less2o4(n K a元3z7i6-400) 477
Kanzi 477
Less1o7(n K a元2z0i1-225) 279 ReadDinrgi lls 498
Kαnzi 279 ContexRteuaadli ng 501
ReadDinrgi lls 292 Reading SSeulpepclteimoenn t
ContexRteuaadli ng 295 (PersHoinsatlRo ercyo rd5)1 1
Supple(mFaemnitTl rye e) 306
Less2o5(n K a元4z0i1425) 514
Less1o8(n K an2z2i6 -250) 307 Kα＇.nZi 514
Ka元zi 307 ReadDinrgi lls 531
ReadDinrgi lls 318 ContexRteuaadli ng 535
ContexRteuaadli ng 322 Supple(mNewen Yter a’s
Supple(mPernitn ting GreetCianrgd ) 544
Samples) 328
Appen1d( iKxa 元1z-i425) 547
Less1o9(n K a元2z5i1-275) 330
Kanzi 330 Appen2d( iKxa 元bzySi troke5 55
ReadDirnig lls 343 Count)
ContexRteuaadli ng 347
Append(iKxa i元A 3zc cortdoi n5g6 7
Supple(mLeinntg uistic
Radicals)
Borrwoing) 356
Appen4d( iKxa 元Rzeiadsi)n g 587
Less2o0(n K a元2z7i6-300) 359
Ka元zi 359 Vocabulary 605
ReadDirngi lls 372
ContexRteuaadli ng 376 Index 609
ACKNOWLEDG恥fENTS
When ptrheep aroafat t ieoxnt bcooonkt ionvueaern s u mboefry eaarnsdd, r ta f
versairofiened sl- teisnatn eudm boefir n stittuhtdeie obntts h,oae fu thboercso mes
extenTshiovwseheo. h avhee lpueshd a vper ovimdaenddy i e百rtekninodfas ssist­
anc:ne ootn ltyhm eo rues ucahle cktiynpgii,nn gdi,egn x,an pdr oroaefding services,
buatl stohw eri tintgh ooufs oafnJ dasp anheasnwedr i ttdernta s ftencils-many
oft heomn a ne xtmreyel demandtiinmsgec hedSuolmehe.a vaer rangetdh ef or
duplicoafpt rilemoiinn adrryta saf ndh avceh euelyrlp fackedl,e dahn,ad u lmeadi
ouhtu ndroefd sc otpopi aerst icishpcoaotAlinsndg.t hree ciphiaevgneet nse lryo us
proviidnelvdaua blcer itiocfti hsteme xbta,s beodt ohnp ersorneaalc tainodon n
observoaftt hireoe na cotfito hnec ilra stsoie tusss Teh.i tse xitts r luyt hree soufl t
unuslcu oaopteiroaann,td h aeu thaorrsesi ncegrreault.lye f
Iti si mpolsesti omb entiaoltlnh owsheo particibpusatp teelcda i,pa preciation
musbtee xpretsots hefedlo o lwin:g
ForJ apanceaslel igarnaadp rwhtoyr k:
SachIickhowi ak a
MariKkono
SachTiakcoh ibana
Forc heckainnpdgr o仕oeadi:ng
SabuOmtia
SachTiakcoh ibana
FumikDoa ido
TadaIschhiwi ak a
MarTkh orpe
Forfi le-dtestthien git nde rxtatf:
Bucknell U(nPirevosefsDroasrvi iJtdL.y u )
ColumUbniiav e(rPsriotfyIe cshsSiohrrio r ato)
ForeiSgenr vIincisett u(tMerJ .o hnR aBit.fflI II)
UniveorfsI wiota(y P reosfsMoarr leRiygahn )
UniveorfsP ietnyn syl(vPfearnsosioHari roMsihayiij )
YalUen ive(rPsoriftseyosS ra muel E. Martin)
Fort houghatnddfe utla cirlietdio qftu hdeers ta t fe:x t
PreosfsSoamru le MEa.r tin
ansdt ffa:C hiCeh aKoa,o urO htTaa,t suThaitkeoy ama
PreosfsIocrh iSrhior ato
ansdt ffa:M arHyu e, SachikoY uMruiKrkuawoka baamria,
Preosfsお1oarreligRhyan, Mr.R aJtffol IhiInI B.
Fori ndextiynpgig,ne gn,er reasle aracnhmdia nngu,s cprriepptao rn:a ti
Ruta NoreikaS uzanBnrea shear
LeAen nCala rk AndrGelaa dstone
LaurHienr r PelnpeoeN elosn
ACKNOWLEDG九1ENTS
x
’I由
R山 sγ．H CarolBiunnet on
．M1川。o、4rAφue h Majrroie Bauer
Rd此ゴtρn HonWge eT an
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Foerd itorialt haamstas ditesh pteua bnlciets ehaxer tde a:l ity
1
・MariNaenaA ls ha nCda theIriinonofYe a lUen ivePrrseistsy
1釦Aι
Fori nlvauablaed viacnead s sstianocnte h e finoafl: pro
i
OsamMui zutoaftn hiJe a pNaant niaoLla nguRaegsee aIrntcsiht ute
Thitse xwta sp repapruerds utaoan cto ntrwaitchtt h Ien ternaSttiuodniaels
BranDcihv,i osfiI onnt ernationaDle pEadrutocmfHae etnaitlo Etndh,u, c atainodn ,
WelfareO,ffi coef E duca,tW iaosnhinDg.tCoTn.h, e authgorrastt eoatf rhueelff sta
d，
of tdhiavti asnipdo anr tilcytu oMl rasrJ.ui laP etrfoovr ahsesri setnacnocuer,a ge­
ν
menatn,pd a tience.
Inc olnscuiowne,o ffert ot hJea pansetsued eantCt osr lne,p larticularly the
FALCONso fC lassIeI,s Ia ,n Id IwIho,w eret hceh igeufi npeiago sf ttheixst book
projveecrstyp, e lct ihaa.n ks
M．

日mrh吋
Itha1c9a7,6 H品aem別4’LI H弘げoA zC、 He・nn

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ζm

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INTRODUCTION
Fotre acahnesdr t udaeilnk:te
A PLEA
Reatdh iinst rod!uI ctcto inotnainifnosr matiolf nor t ehspesr eonputetlirziia ation
oft htiesx t.
＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊
ReαdJiapnagen s(eh reeafatbebrr evRiJa)t peiedsd aagc aotlge ixt-anh oatn dbook
ord ictiopnraerpyaf roetrdh sep ecpiufripcoo fsi en trodaudcluitfnor ge igners,
inp artlriaE cnuglsipseha kteotr hsJe,a panwersietl taenng utaoeg neba,elt hetmo
begilne ratnto or eaSdi.n ciesa p ietd agotgeixictta, l p riensfeonrtmsia nat ni on
ordefrsaehodin E.a cihn creomfe nntme awt elpr rieasupmpaossteoesfrw yh at has
gonbeeo frbeu,ot n loyfw hat ghoanbseeo fre.
Adulforte igannedrn sa tive-Jcahlpidearnna epsper otahcseht uodfyJ apanese
readwiintvgha l sydt百 ierenbtackgroaunnidd nvs al sydt ieffresnett tIitnd giasns.­
gerotuoas su smet hatths ea mmee thodowliwologlry fk o r gbrootuhep vset,nh ough
thegioraa lrssem i ialr.
Ins piotfte h lemi itatoifto hnesJi arp anfecasielf iotrye,si tgund setnutdsy tihneg
Japanwersietl tnaegnu awgaen ttol eatrorn e ando,t dteoc owdietc ho nstdaen­t
pendeonndc iec tioannavdro icealsbra uyl istst.h ewAyan ntdtob ecoamcec ustomed
tow orkiwnigtJ ha panwersiett ihnahgta s bneoetsnp ecliyfiatc learlfoerdf oreign
consuomnps,ti ince utltihmeagitorle ai st or eanda tiJvaep anpeulsbceiai to.nI sn
thien teorfae cshti etvhisintsga gtoelada sr apliyadn ed伍 cielnyatsp oslseic,be rtain
assumphtaivobene sem na dteh ahta vien fluetnhcfeeo dr mato ragnadn iozfa tion
thtee xt.
It aisssu mtehdab te ginrneiandgii stna gu gmhotse tffic ilenybt yu simnagt erial
thaigtsr ammaltyain cldaxe licafmlailly.i I atfrh neew ,u nafmiliar rseypmrbeoslesn t
lnaguatgheas tt udaerlnetascd oym prehtehnecdyanb , e gtiodn e vealt orpur eea ding
(aosp posteodd e codcianpglai)bt iSyt.u dewnhtoas rl eahdayv aec hieavnoe rda l
capabainldoi/rat ltya e satne lemensttcarutrurlyaa nldxe iccaolm petienJn acpea nese
cabne ng tihtiesx itm mediaantdme olvyae h earda pliyFd.o rt hset udwehnoit s
jusstta rotuiitnnJ g a pantehstiees,hx atbs e ecnafu rlelyc oordiwniatBthee gdii nnng
Jσ•pane1s (eherteeaarbf brevBiJa)It.tei sds uggetshtasetud c sht udebnetgRsiJ n
when thecyo mlhpteaevadeb otuhtfe ri stte lnse soonfsB Ja,n dt hesnt uodnye
lessoonf R Jw ith aedadciht lieosnsoaoflBn J F.ro mR JL ess5o onn e,a cnhe w
lessroenq utihroerso cuognht orfo ltc hoer resploensdsionBngJ -sopfe cailyfil,c
thlee ssnounmb etreeindne xceosfts h ReJ l essonnu mb(eer. RgJ.8 p,r esumes
cornotolf 1B8JR, J2 4o f 3B4Je, ct .T)h.ei mportoafgn rcaem maatnildce axli cal
1 EleanHoarr z JorBdeegni, nJnaipnagnP earst1eas ,n d2 (NewH avenY:a lUen iverPsrietsys , 1962-63).
Itgsr ammatitcearlm inolroogmya,n izaatnidos np,e cisaylm boalrser etaiinneR dJ .A ccenitsi ndicated
int her omaniezxeadm plfoelsl owitnhgec onventaidoonpst iendB J,b uta cceinsut n markiendJ apanese
writing.
XI
XII INTRODUCTION
contarsaop lr e山rseiqftoebre ginrneiandgci anngnb oeot v eremphEaxspilzaenda.­
tiopnesr tations itnrgu catnudvr oec abutlhaaartryf e o unidnB Ja rneo rte peated
inR Jw,h etrhefe o ciuossn r eadintgh aidtnr tirlolad n uecwe ss ymboslyisztaetmi on
forl angutahgaseth oualldr ebaefd ayml iiaOrnl.wy i thtihlnea tleers soofn saRre J
al imintuemdb oefrn ewv ocabuiltaeramnysd n ews trucptautrtaielnr tnrso duced
throtuhgrehe adsienlgoe ncsTt.hi iosc cuarfstt ehrse t udheangsta inse伍udci ent
familiwairtiththw yer itsiynsgti engm e netroha aln delffiec ietnhtaildsyd eelde ment
ofn ewenss.
A natiJvaep anwehsoee x amitnhetises xm aty b es urpraitts heleda rnguem ber
ofe xampalneds dsreinltlefo nrce eascn he ws ymbTohli.ks i nodfr epetiist ion
necesbseacraytu hsietse xwta sd esigsnpeedc ififocran lolny- JapJaanpeasnee.s e
childrent ol eraerantdih noghr aovueig nhtleyr ntahlseit zreudc ptautrtaaelnr dn s
vocabuilnacrlyui dnte hder iera dbeerf otrheeb ye gNienv.e rltehstesh,e yi natrreo ­
ducteod styhmeb sollosw 4l2y5C hincehsaer a(ctthneeur msb ientr h tiesx atr)e
nocto ntruonlttlihefoledu rtghr a-daend thecyo nhsartveaein ntf orcement through
three adoifno gt hbeoro kasn dt hgee neursabely t hseo ciaertoyu tnhde Tmh.e
avernaogne- Japoann etoshteeh,h e arn, id ast tempttoti rnsagfn teorw ritais ntgi ll
shafkaym airliitys pwoiktoehrrn o manJiazpead,n i epssr eobatboltyad lelpye ndent
ont hbioso fokr a lhli s exaamnpdil isen ash ,u rtroyg eotn w itthht ea !sR kedun­
danacnyrd e petairtaeib osno lruetqeuliyr ed.
Also reiqasuu itrheedn Sttiucdiytmiyan.tg e trhiaahtlab se eend itweidta hv iew
towamradk iinetga sfioetrrh f eor eigonneldrye latyhasec hievoefcm oemnpte tence
inr eadrienaJlga panBeescea.au p saet tiedsri nffi ciunslo tat r easfooran v oicdea,n
burta thfeosrry stemianttirco duancdtfr ieoqnu ednrtiF lurlt.h erremt,oh itse xt
avoitdhpser acticeu,s eiwdnti rdaedliytr ieoandtaielnx gft osfr or eignetresm,­ of
porarwiriltyi ngs emqauneyan sco enslc yh ildwroeunl d twhre,ibm tecea utshee
appropriate Chihnaevseyene ’tct h ibanertearnco tdeBuryics ne cdl.u ding examples
onlaytt hapto iinntt h e wtheextnth ecya bne w ritntoernm ailtil spy o,s stiob le
avoid this mislIenasdoiafansvrg a rpiraiotntci heowednr u irteoi.fan ngi tedmo es
occur wittehxiitnit, n dtihciast est hvaaatlr sioa toaicmoconun argds u Jlatp anese
themselves.
Variationt owe rxittesintndsygsl.T eh eJ apanmeastee riinaclo rpoirnta htiesd
teixntc lsuadmepsol fbe os tphr inatnidn gh anndgaw,nr odif th ioriz,oE nntgallish­
styfolrem aatsw elalst hter adailtv,ie orntsitcyoalfle writing.
Finaltlhybi,os opkl acsetsr oenmgp haosnri esa diincn ogn textp-hfrroams es
ansde ntetnonc aersr asteilveec, lt eitotanensrcdso ,n veirosnWasht.i iliteos b viously
neceyst soca ornttrhosely mboofalw sr itsiynsgti enom r dteorr e ,at dhastk ialllo ne
isn ostu fficiFeonerti.gs nt udewnhtoss p etnhd ediaryfl si pptihnrgo Cuhgihn ese
characcatreadrrsw e o rkoinno gn loyn e poorftt hieopinrr o b.lU enmletshsea yl so
devoatg er edaetao lft imweo rkiwintgch h araicntg errasm mactoincta,elt x htesy
wijloli tnhr ea nokfst howsheofo olisthrtlyoyd ecipahJ earp anteesxbetyc o­n
centroantt ihnCegh incehsaer aacntdeg ruse ssitnhger iearlt a ti,og nlsohsispisng
ovetrhg er ammamtaitcrawilix t hwihni tchhce h araocctceurrs.
PROCEDURES
Japaniensso er mawlrliytw tietanmh i xtutrweso y olfl a(bkaarnaiane)Cds h inese
chara(cktazeiii.rI) snk anwar itsiynmgb,ro elpsr essyelnltwa ibtlheroseu rfete ntcoe
INTRODUCTION Xlll
meaniwnhegr,e kaasii rzeig ulsatralfnoydsr o unpldu mse aniMnorge.w ilble s aid
abobuott shy stleamtse r.
Thefirs te iglhets soofn stb hoioiskn trokdauncSaet. udesnhtosug lotd h rough
thelsees scoonnsc,e ntfirrasottnit nhge reaanddti hnetgnh w eri tinega cnohwef
symbaonldt heex ampplreosv i.d eTdhsehyo uplrda cutnictaeil ltl h Jea panese
mateirnicallu (d1ce)adb n e r eaidnr andoormd aecrc,u rartaeplliyayd,n, wd it hout
anyh esitaatnid(o 2cn)a, nb ew rittaecnc uraatnedrl ayp igdilvyee,in t her oral
dictaotfti hoJena panoerts here,o manei山zqveadl entthoJefa panese.
FoLre ss9o-n2s5e ,a cohfw hicihn trotdwuecntey-sfi nvwee C hincehsaer acters
(kai元)tz,hfeol lwionpgr ocedaursreue gsg e·s ted
Ste1p Ka元ziN:otteh seh aopfe eacchh anreawic ttpser ro,n unci(awhtiicohn (s)
mayo rm ayn oto ccuarsi ndepewndoresdn)at,p proxiEmnagtlei sh
equivalaennedtx (asm)po,lfu e ssa ignce o mpouPnadys .cu alar tetfention
tot hsei gnifiocfaa nnsycp ee csiyamlbt ohloasct c iuntr h siesc tPiroonc.e ed
immeditaott ehelexy a mpolfue ssa ignme iscellpahnreaoasunesdss h ort
sente1nw chiecsh, obcecwlu eora cchh arraP.cr taecrteiacdeti hnegbs oet,h
aloaundsd ilecnotnlcye,n tornca otmipnrge heasny douir enagd .
Ste2p Ka元zPir:acwtriicteit nhngewe sybmols.
Ste3p Ka元zRie:peSatte1 pu ntil riess amdoioantnghdfl uenVta.r y otrhdee r
ofr eadtihneg examples.
Ste4p Ka元ziR:evwi werit,iu nsgianstg h set imeuiltuohsre Jaral p andeiscet ation
orw rittEenng leiqsuhi vaolfte hnpeth sr aasnedss h osretn tetnhcaets
flolw oeacnhwe ka元zi.
Ste5p ReadiDnrlgi:s lP racrteiacdet ihndegr ibloltsah l oaundds ileunnttliyl
yocua rne atdh eflmu enVtalryy. o trhd.eCe orncenotnru antdee rstanding
asy our eaIdfy. o ua ruen suorfae n yg rammaptaitctatelhr aontc curs,
chetchkae p properxipaltaen ianBt Ji.o n
VariatDiroinl ilns clauv daer ioefst eyq uenceexse mtyph lasaiti f milar
underlpyaitntge rn.
ResponDsrei lilsn clau sdeeot f s entefnolcleosw beydf ormalized
respownhisceehsx hiab siitm iplaatrt e(Trhne.as rene o nte cessarily
converssaetqiuosenn.ac)le
TransformatDiroinl ilns clau sdeeot f s timusleunst efnolcwleoeds b y
thsee ntetnhcaretes s fruolmtt hoep eraotfi oopnna er titcrualnasrf or­
matoin(.F oerx amラpallseltimusleunst emnicgebhsett rsafnormteod
thnee ga.t)i ve
Combin�ant Dirililsn clpuadieor fsi ndepesnednetnetwn hicceahsr e
combimnteo ds incgolmep lseexn t,ea nlcolefw s hichha vae s imilar
underlpyaitntge rn.
Ste6p SupplemQenuetsatrDiyro inal nlEd x eirsc:eP sracrteiacdeai nnadgn w ser­
inogr atlhlqeyu estdiroianln /ldo erx erciimsmeesd ifaoltwleoinlgyt he
readdirlnilgT sh.o sset udwehnotw sis ht od evealw oript isnkgis lhlo uld
repetahdterl ilw,ri titnhagen wser.s
Ste7p ContexRteuaadl:i ngEalcehs sboeng,i nwnitihn1 g,1 h asc oan textual
readsiencgt Tihoebn u.i ldfuokpras 元 rzeiadpirnagc attit chbeee ginning
1T heseex ampluessea varieotfpy o liteannedsf osr malisttyy l(easl reiandtyr oduicnBe dJi )no rdetro
provimdaex imavlalryi ceodn texts.