Plant-Plant Allelopathic Interactions: Phenolic Acids, Cover Crops and Weed Emergence

231 Pages·2011·2.56 MB·English

by  Udo Blum (auth.)

Plant–Plant Allelopathic Interactions

Udo Blum
Plant–Plant Allelopathic
Interactions
Phenolic Acids, Cover Crops and Weed
Emergence
123
UdoBlum
DepartmentofPlantBiology
NorthCarolinaStateUniversity
Raleigh, NC27695-7612
USA
[email protected]
ISBN978-94-007-0682-8 e-ISBN978-94-007-0683-5
DOI10.1007/978-94-007-0683-5
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011922311
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2011
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Thisbookisdedicatedtoallwhohave
laboredandwilllaborinthefieldof
plant–plant allelopathic interactions.

Preface
For part of my PhD thesis I characterized the distribution of tannic acids in
soils underneath sumac (Rhus copallina L.) located in abandoned fields of central
Oklahoma(BlumandRice1969).Largequantitiesoftannicacidswerefoundinthe
litter and organic residues underneath sumac. Tannic acids, which are very water
soluble, were also found in the soil to a depth of 75 cm, with a definite zone of
concentrationat45–55cm.Thetechniquesutilizedatthetimetorecoverandquan-
tifytannicacidswererudimentary,atbest.Amountsbelow400ppmaddedtosoils
couldnotberecovered,eventhoughconcentrationsaslowas33ppmaddedtosoils
inhibited nodulation of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. “Burpee”). These
observationsandtheirimplicationstoplant–plantallelopathicinteractionsintrigued
meatthetimeandImadeapromisetomyselfthatIwouldtakeanotherlookatthis
subjectinthefuture.Around1980Iwasreadytofulfillthatpromise.Forthenext
20 plus years research in my laboratory was primarily focused on various aspects
ofplant–plantallelopathicinteractionswithanemphasisonseedlingbehavior,soil
chemistry,andmicrobiology.Thisbookisasummaryandretrospectiveanalysisof
thisresearchprogram.
Although research publications on allelopathy have increased at a phenomenal
ratesincethe1980s,whatisgenerallylackingarein-depthanalysesandintegration
ofthisliterature.Forexample,aquicksearchofScienceCitationIndexyielded112
publicationsbetween1981and1990,627publicationsbetween1991and2000,and
1,615 publications between 2001 and 2010. The terms “allelopathic interactions”
yielded 6, 58, and 212 publications over the same time intervals. However, less
than10%ofthese276citationslistedforallelopathicinteractionscouldbeclassi-
fied as review papers for allelopathic interactions of higher plants. These reviews,
with minor exceptions, summarized, described, pooled, and/or integrated data for
plant–plantallelopathicinteractionsdeterminedfordifferentspecies,environments,
and ecosystems utilizing a range of different methods/protocols. Such reviews are
useful in that they can identify potential/likely mechanisms that may bring about
plant–plant allelopathic interactions and provide general guidelines and directions
forfutureresearch.However,toidentifyanddetermineactualmechanismsthatcon-
trol and/or regulate the expression of plant–plant allelopathic interactions within
a given ecosystem requires in-depth quantitative analyses of individual ecosystem
vii
viii Preface
processes and their interactions utilizing consistent experimental protocols. The
research described in this book is an attempt to do just that for one type of
ecosystem.
This book does not provide a comprehensive review of the plant–plant allelo-
pathic interaction literature. For a general review of this literature the reader may
wishtoreadseveralofthefollowing:Rice(1974,1979,1983,1984,1995),Putnam
andTang(1986),Waller(1987),Siqueriaetal.(1991),Inderjitetal.(1995,1999),
InderjitandKeating(1999),Macíasetal.(1999,2004),Reigosaetal.(2006),Fujii
andHiradate(2007),Willis(2007),andZengetal.(2008).
Thereareseveralthingsthatareuniqueaboutthisbook:
a. Thegeneralformatisthatofresearchpaperspublishedinscientificjournals.The
materialsareorganizedinsectionssuchas,Abstract,Introduction,Materialsand
Methods,andResultsandDiscussion.
b. There are four chapters, including an introduction to allelopathic plant–plant
interactions (Chapter 1). They all emphasize basic aspects of science, but
Chapter2ismoretheoretical/hypotheticalinnature,Chapter3ismorepractical
innature,andChapter4integratestheinformationpresentedinChapters2and3
andsuggestsfuturedirectionforresearchinplant–plantallelopathicinteractions.
c. Comments regarding logic, reasons, and justifications, for various procedures
usedareprovidedthroughoutthebook.
d. TheScientificMethodanditsapproachtoresearchareemphasized.Forexample,
insteadofdefinitiveconclusionsattheendofthebookconsandprosareprovided
so that readers can draw their own conclusions. The reader will also find an
extendedlistingofif-thenhypotheses,and
e. Althoughabroadrangeofliteratureisincluded,theprimaryfocusofthisbook
is a summary and retrospective analysis of some 20 plus years of research on
plant–plantallelopathicinteractionsatNorthCarolinaStateUniversity.
The above format was chosen so that researchers, students, farmers, as well as
layman interested in science, reduced tillage production, and plant–plant allelo-
pathicinteractions,inparticular,canlearntoappreciateandunderstandthenature
ofscience,itsbenefitsandlimitations,andourpresentknowledgeoftheactionof
naturalproductssuchasphenolicacidsinsoilonplantgrowthanddevelopment.
Raleigh,NC UdoBlum
August19,2010
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Inderjit, Keating KI (1999) Allelopathy: principles, procedures, processes, and promises for
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Preface ix
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