Table Of ContentUNIVERSIDAD DE VALLADOLID
Facultad de Medicina
Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM)
Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Fisiología
2+
Diseño de un nuevo sensor de Ca y su aplicación a
los orgánulos intracelulares ex vivo e in vivo.
Memoria de tesis para optar al grado de doctor presentada por
Paloma Navas Navarro
Directores:
Dr. Javier García‐Sancho Martín
Dra. María Teresa Alonso Alonso
Valladolid, Julio de 2016
ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................................................1
SUMMARY..............................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................11
1. Ca2+ as a second messenger..............................................................13
1.1. Ca2+ entry mechanisms to the cytosol........................................14
1.1.2. Ca2+ channels of endomembranes.........................................16
1.2. Cytosolic Ca2+ extrusion mechanisms.........................................17
1.2.1. Plasma membrane.................................................................17
1.2.2. Endomembranes....................................................................18
1.3. [Ca2+] buffering systems..............................................................19
C
1.3.1. Mitochondria..........................................................................19
1.3.2. Ca2+ buffering proteins...........................................................19
1.3.2.1 Calmodulin........................................................................19
1.3.2.2 Other Ca2+ binding proteins..............................................22
1.4. [Ca2+] homeostasis in tissues....................................................22
ER
1.4.1. Monocytes.............................................................................23
1.4.2. Langerhans islets....................................................................23
1.4.3. Hippocampus.........................................................................24
1.4.4. Hypophysis.............................................................................25
1.4.5. Striated muscle ......................................................................25
2. Ca2+ sensors.......................................................................................26
2.1. Synthetic indicators....................................................................26
2.2. Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs)...............................30
2.2.1. Bioluminescent GECIs.............................................................30
2.2.1.1. Aequorin..........................................................................30
2.2.1.2. BRET based Ca2+ sensors..................................................33
2.2.2. Fluorescent GECIs..................................................................34
2.2.2.1. The Green Fluorescent Protein........................................34
2.2.2.2. Red fluorescent proteins.................................................38
2.2.2.3. FRET based Ca2+ sensors..................................................40
2.2.2.3.1. Chameleons ..............................................................40
2.2.2.3.2. Troponin based Ca2+ sensors.....................................42
2.2.2.4. Non‐FRET based Ca2+ sensors..........................................43
2.2.2.4.1. Camgaroo..................................................................43
2.2.2.4.2. Pericam.....................................................................44
2.2.2.4.3. GCaMPs.....................................................................45
2.2.2.4.4. GECOs........................................................................46
2.2.2.5 Low affinity Ca2+ sensors..................................................47
3. In vivo measurements through GECIs expression.............................50
4. Background: GAP and GAP1.............................................................52
OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................57
MATERIALS AND METHODS ..................................................................61
1. List of plasmids.................................................................................63
2. Generation of GAP mutants..............................................................63
3. Protein induction and extraction......................................................64
4. Protein purification...........................................................................67
5. Coomassie staining...........................................................................67
6. Fluorescence spectra........................................................................67
7. Fluorescence measurements in the plate reader.............................68
7.1. Analysis and characterization of GAP mutants...........................68
7.2. GAP in vitro titration...................................................................68
7.3. Effect of pH.................................................................................69
7.4. Effect of divalent metals.............................................................69
8. Expression in mammal cells..............................................................70
9. Western blot.....................................................................................71
10. Generation of transgenic mice........................................................72
11. Histology.........................................................................................74
12. Inmunofluorescence.......................................................................74
13. Mice spleen inmune cells extraction...............................................76
14. Flow cytometry...............................................................................77
15. Hippocampus cultures....................................................................77
16. Langerhans islets isolation..............................................................78
17. Hypophysis extraction.....................................................................79
18. Hippocampus slices.........................................................................79
19. Ca2+ cell imaging measurements.....................................................79
20. Generation of transgenic flies.........................................................83
21. In vivo [Ca2+] measurement in Drosophila striated muscle...........84
ER
22. Statistical analysis...........................................................................86
23. List of materials...............................................................................86
RESULTS................................................................................................87
1. GAP mutants design and analysis......................................................89
2. In vitro GAP2 characterization..........................................................93
2.1. GAP2 purification........................................................................93
2.2. Fluorescence spectra..................................................................94
2.3. In vitro GAP2 titration.................................................................95
2.4. GAP2 pH sensitivity....................................................................97
2.5. Other divalent cations effects....................................................98
3. GAP2 expression in mammal cells..................................................100
3.1. In situ erGAP2 titration................................................................102
3.2. [Ca2+] measurement in intact cells.........................................103
ER
4. GAP2 modifications to increase brightness....................................108
5. GAP3 characterization....................................................................113
5.1. Fluorescence spectrum............................................................114
5.2. In vitro and in situ titration.......................................................115
5.3. erGAP1, erGAP2 and erGAP3 comparison................................116
6. GAP3 expression in Golgi Apparatus ..............................................118
7. Transgenic animals models ..............................................................120
7.1. Transgenic mice........................................................................120
7.2. Transgenic flies.........................................................................123
8. Concept tests of erGAP3 behaviour in different biologic systems..123
8.1. In vitro [Ca2+] measurements in mice monocytes..................123
RE
8.2. In vitro [Ca2+] measurements in hippocampal glia and neurons
RE
in primary cultures............................................................................126
8.3. Ex vivo [Ca2+] measurements in Langerhans islets.................128
RE
8.4. Ex vivo [Ca2+] measurements in adenohypophysis................131
RE
8.5. Ex vivo functional distribution of acetilcholine metabotropic
receptors in hippocampus slices.......................................................134
8.6. In vivo [Ca2+] measurements in striated muscle sarcoplasmic
RE
reticulum of transgenic flies..............................................................137
DISCUSSION........................................................................................141
1. Development of a new Ca2+ sensor ................................................143
2. New Ca2+ sensor characterization...................................................146
3. Possible GAP mechanism of action.................................................151
4. Concept tests and in vivo measurements.......................................153
CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................159
BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................163
ABREVIATURAS
No hay talento más valioso que el de no usar dos palabras
cuando basta una.
Thomas Jefferson
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Description:La calmodulina (calcium modulated protein o CaM) es la proteína más abundante en las manipulación enzimática del DNA con enzimas de restricción, ligasas, DNA polimerasas y día siguiente los cultivos se diluyeron 50 veces en el mismo medio. Para pequeña en su momento. Mitch Albom