Nutrition, Diet Therapy, and the Liver

392 Pages·2009·4.05 MB·English

by  Victor R. Preedy

Nutrition,
Diet Therapy,
and the Liver

Nutrition,
Diet Therapy,
and the Liver
Edited by
Victor R. Preedy
Raj Lakshman
Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan
Ronald Ross Watson
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nutrition, diet therapy, and the liver / edited by Victor R. Preedy ... [et al.].
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-8549-5 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-4200-8549-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Liver--Diseases--Nutritional aspects. 2. Liver--Diseases--Complications. 3.
Malnutrition. I. Preedy, Victor R. II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Liver Diseases--therapy. 2. Diet Therapy. 3. Nutrition Therapy.
WI 700 N976 2010]
RC846.N88 2010
616.3’620654--dc22 2009008697
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................ix
Editors .......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xiii
SectIon I overviews, General nutritional
Support, and nonspecific conditions
Chapter 1 Liver Metabolism: Biochemical and Molecular Regulations ...............3
Daniel Gyamfi and Vinood Patel
Chapter 2 Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism by Enteral Delivery of
Nutrients .............................................................................................17
Mary Courtney Moore and Alan D. Cherrington
Chapter 3 Assessment of Nutritional Status and Diagnosis of Malnutrition
in Patients with Liver Disease ............................................................33
Bernard Campillo
Chapter 4 Managing Liver Dysfunction in Parenteral Nutrition ........................47
Simon M. Gabe and David A. J. Lloyd
SectIon II Steatosis and Metabolic Liver Disease
Chapter 5 Lipid Metabolism and Control in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease ...............................................................................................67
Phunchai Charatcharoenwitthaya and Keith D. Lindor
Chapter 6 Using Parenteral Fish Oil in NASH ...................................................81
Jonathan A. Meisel, Hau D. Le, Vincent E. De Meijer,
Kathleen M. Gura, and Mark Puder
v
vi Contents
Chapter 7 Iron Overload in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease:
Implications for Nutrition ...................................................................97
Richard Kirsch and Ralph E. Kirsch
Chapter 8 Nutritional and Clinical Strategies on Prevention and Treatment
of NAFLD and Metabolic Syndrome ...............................................113
Ana R. Dâmaso, Aline de Piano, Lian Tock,
and Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan
Chapter 9 Emerging Nutritional Treatments for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver
Disease .............................................................................................131
Mariangela Allocca and Carlo Selmi
Chapter 10 Dietary Fatty Acids and the Pathogenesis of Liver Disease in
Alcoholism .......................................................................................147
Amin A. Nanji
Chapter 11 Long-Term Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease ......................159
Zhanxiang Zhou, Zhenyuan Song, Danielle Pigneri,
Marion McClain, Charles L. Mendenhall, Luis S. Marsano,
and Craig J. McClain
Chapter 12 Nutritional Therapy for Inherited Metabolic Liver Disease ............183
Robin H. Lachmann and Helen Mundy
SectIon III cancer, Viral, and Immune Diseases
Chapter 13 Biomarkers of Malnutrition in Liver Cirrhosis ................................203
Kazuyuki Suzuki and Yasuhiro Takikawa
Chapter 14 Malnutrition in Liver Cirrhosis: Effects of Nutritional Therapy .....217
Kristina Norman and Matthias Pirlich
Chapter 15 General Dietary Management of Liver Cancer ................................231
Mazen Issa and Kia Saeian
Contents vii
Chapter 16 Vitamins in Hepatocellular Carcinoma............................................247
Akihiro Tamori and Susumu Shiomi
Chapter 17 Supplementation with High Doses of Vitamins E and C in
Chronic Hepatitis C ..........................................................................259
Yasunori Kawaguchi and Toshihiko Mizuta
Chapter 18 Diet Therapy in Virus-Related Liver Disease ..................................271
Francesco Manguso and Luciano D’Agostino
SectIon IV t he Young and Aging Liver,
end-Stage, and transplantation
Chapter 19 Nutritional Care for Infants with Cholestatic Liver Diseases ..........289
Alastair Baker
Chapter 20 Nutritional Considerations in Pediatric Liver Transplantation ........307
Binita M. Kamath, Amanda Muir, and Elizabeth B. Rand
Chapter 21 Use of an Antioxidant Cocktail for Insulin Resistance
Associated with Age and a High Sugar Diet: A Hepatic
Mechanism .......................................................................................321
W. Wayne Lautt and Zhi Ming
Chapter 22 Nutrition in End-Stage Liver Disease ..............................................337
Jens Kondrup
Chapter 23 Nutrition in Adult Liver Transplantation ..........................................351
Teodoro Grau and Juan Carlos Montejo
Index ......................................................................................................................365

Preface
The liver has a vital role in intermediary and whole-body metabolism. Thus, it is the
major organ responsible for a whole spectrum of body functions ranging from glu-
cose provision via the breakdown of glycogen and gluconeogenesis to the storage of
vitamins; the secretion of bile; lipogenesis; lipid catabolism; the synthesis and secre-
tion of a number of export proteins such as albumin, prothrombin, and various secre-
tory proteins; amino acid deamination; the production of urea; the detoxification of
toxins; and steroid hormone metabolism. As a consequence, any adverse effect on
the liver will have devastating consequences not only on its functions but also on
the functions of other tissues such as the brain and the heart. However, there are
many different types of liver diseases, each with distinct etiologies and nutritional
treatment regimens. Each of the facets mentioned above must be placed within the
context of the particular disease under scrutiny. Nevertheless, some of the elements
in a particular disease entity can be cross-transferable to some other types of liver
diseases.
The understanding of liver disease and nutrition requires a holistic understanding
not only of the causative elements that precipitate the disease but also the nutritional
factors and regimens that reverse the deteriorating hepatic function. By implication,
holistic knowledge is also gained via a broad understanding of the nutritional ele-
ments in a wide range of liver diseases. Finding this knowledge in a single coherent
volume of treatise would be very vital in the treatment of liver diseases. It is precisely
in this context that Nutrition, Diet Therapy, and the Liver addresses these aspects in
a comprehensive yet succinct way.
Nutrition, Diet Therapy, and the Liver is composed of the following four sections:
Overviews, General Nutritional Support, and Nonspecific Conditions; Steatosis and
Metabolic Liver Disease; Cancer, Viral, and Immune Diseases; and The Young and
Aging Liver, End-Stage, and Transplantation.
Contributors in the first section emphasize the fact that nutrition has an impor-
tant role to play not only in the development of liver disease but also in the reversal
of liver dysfunction. It is well known that mortality is significantly increased in a
malnourished compared with a nourished or even an overnourished population. For
example, vitamin A deficiency will lead to an exacerbation of alcoholic liver disease.
Moreover, the general nutritional status of a patient with liver disease will also have
a bearing on the outcome. Artificial nutritional support is also important in the treat-
ment of patients, such as those with hepatitis, whose survival is markedly improved
by enteral or parenteral feeding.
In the second section, the contributors cover various aspects of alcoholic liver
disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the consequent
steatohepatitis that encompasses the whole spectrum of triglyceride accumulation,
inflammation, fibrosis, and, eventually, end-stage cirrhosis of the liver, which accounts
for 14–20% of liver transplants worldwide. The initial stage of triglyceride accumu-
lation leads to insulin resistance and accompanying metabolic syndrome. This leads
ix