Table Of ContentMUSSOLINI'S ENEMIES
THE ITALIAN ANTI-FASCIST RESISTANCE
MUSSOLINI'S
ENEMIES
The Italian Anti-Fascist Resistance
BY CHARLES F. DELZELL
HOWARD FERTIG
NEW YORK 1974
Copyright © 1961 by Princeton University Press
Howard Fertig, Inc. Edition 1974
Published by arrangement with Princeton University Press
All rights reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Delzell, Charles F.
Mussolini’s enemies.
Reprint of the ed. published by Princeton University
Press, Princeton, N.J.; with new pref.
Bibliography: p.
1. Italy—Politics and government—1922-1945.
2. Fascism—Italy. 3. World War, 1939-1945—
Underground movements—Italy. I. Title.
DG571.7.D44 1974 940.53*45 70-144129
Printed in the United States of America
To
Gena
PREFACE TO THE 1974 EDITION
Thirteen years have passed since the original edition of Musso
lini*s Enemies: The Italian Anti-Fascist Resistance was published
in 1961 by the Princeton University Press. The reviews it received
were quite favorable, and the book was accorded both the George
Louis Beer Prize of the American Historical Association and the
Borden Award of the Hoover Institution and Library of Stanford
University. Several critics considered the book the most objective
study of the twenty-year struggle against Mussolini’s dictatorship.
In 1966 Giulio Einaudi editore of Turin brought out an Italian
translation, I nemici di Mussolini, which included corrections and
an updated bibliography. Both the original American edition and
the Italian version have been sold out for some time. I am there
fore especially pleased that Howard Fertig, Inc., has seen fit to
include my book in its series of hardcover reprints of important
scholarly works. Some of the inaccuracies that slipped into the
original edition have been corrected in an appended list of cor
rections.
In the years since Mussolini's Enemies was first published, con
siderable additional research has been done on the Italian anti-
Fascist opposition currents of the 1920’s and ’30’s and the cul
minating Armed Resistance of September 8, 1943-April 25, 1945.
I shall survey some of this new literature in a forthcoming article
commissioned by The Journal of Modem History to mark the
thirtieth anniversary of the Italian Liberation.
The most important co-ordinating center of research on Fascist
Italy and the Resistance continues to be the Istituto Nazionale
per la Storia del Movimento di Liberazione in Italia, which was
founded by Ferruccio Pani at Piazza Duomo 14, 20122 Milano.
Its review, Il Movimento di Liberazione in Italia: Rassegna di
storia contemporanea, now edited by Massimo Legnani with the
help of others, is an invaluable source of scholarly information.
There arc numerous other affiliated institutes in the major Italian
vii
PREFACE TO THE 1974 EDITION
cities. A growing number of Italian scholarly journals are focusing
attention on contemporary history, and Italian universities at long
last are offering courses and promoting research in this period.
The Comité Internationale d’Histoire de la 2me Guerre Mon
diale, which is headed by Henri Michel at 32 rue de Leningrad,
Paris VIII, encourages research on an international scale and lists
much of this in its Revue (Thistoire de la deuxième guerre mon
diale and other publications.
Mention should also be made of the Institut Universitaire
d’Etudes Européennes, Corso Vittorio Emanuele 83,10128 Torino,
Under the initiative of Gustavo Malan, it has recently organized
a Comitato Intemazionale per la Documentazione sulla Resistenza
Europea nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale. This committee is en
deavoring to catalogue archival holdings in the United States
that pertain to the Italian and other European Resistance move
ments.
In the years since Mussolini*s Enemies appeared in 1961, several
important books have been published which offer further clari
fication of various aspects of Italian anti-Fascism and the Resis
tance. Among Italian authors whose recent studies come quickly
to mind are Alberto Aquarone, Gianfranco Bianchi, Giorgio
Bocca, Renzo De Felice, G. E. Fantelli, Carlo Francovich, Giam
paolo Pansa, Claudio Pavone, Guido Quazza, Ernesto Ragionieri,
Giorgio Rochat, Enzo Santarelli, Pietro Secchia, Paolo Spriano,
Leo Valiani, Roberto Vivarelli, and Ruggero Zangrandi. In Great
Britain contributions have been made by F. L. Carsten, F. W.
Deakin, Adrian Lyttelton, Christopher Seton-Watson, Elizabeth
J. Wiskeman, Stuart J. Woolf, and others. In the United States
research by Alan Cassels, John P. Diggins, Robert Katz, Michael
A. Ledeen, Frank Rosengarten, R. Harris Smith, Howard McGaw
Smyth, Edward R. Tanncnbaum, and Peter Tompkins, as well as
the official U.S. Army study by Harry L. Coles and Albert K.
Weinberg of Allied Military Government in Italy and elsewhere
should be examined. I am happy to report that the findings of
these specialists do not appear, in my estimation, to have invali
dated either the basic conclusions or the approach of my own
pioneering study. For this reason, too, I am pleased to have
Mussolinis Enemies in print once more. I hope that iny research
viii
PREFACE TO THE 1974 EDITION
will continue to provide helpful, objective orientation to readers
who seek a clearer understanding of this seedbed of contemporary
Italian history.
CHARLES F. DELZELL
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee
April 25, 1974
IX
