Microbiome in Human Health and Disease

306 Pages·2021·6.241 MB·English

by  Pallaval Veera Bramhachari

Pallaval Veera Bramhachari   Editor
Microbiome
in Human
Health and
Disease
Microbiome in Human Health and Disease
Pallaval Veera Bramhachari
Editor
Microbiome in Human
Health and Disease
Editor
PallavalVeeraBramhachari
DepartmentofBiotechnology
KrishnaUniversity
Machilipatnam,AndhraPradesh,India
ISBN978-981-16-3155-9 ISBN978-981-16-3156-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3156-6
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Foreword
The microbial world is largely invisible to the human eye, but it is almost beyond
imagination. There are hundreds, thousands of different kinds of bacteria (leaving
asideotherkindsofmicrobes:archaea,viruses,fungi,andprotists),livinginevery
possibleenvironmentincluding deepseabed, high intheclouds,and intheboiling
hotsprings.Multicellularorganismscreatedanentirelynewsetofhabitats,inandon
allthoseanimalsandplants.
Researchdatasuggestedthatduringthelasttwodecades,extensiveresearchhas
been carried out on endophytic fungi and several biologically active compounds
havebeenisolatedfromendophyticfungi.Thisbookmakesallthereadersgenerally
conversant in the language of microbiomes and metagenomics. It also provides
excellent examples of how microbial communities affect health and cure diseases
and dole out typical practical examples of how medical interventions interact with
themicrobiomeandchangeoutcomes.
UnderstandingtheHost–MicrobiomeInteractionsinHumanHealth.Thevolume
published by the Springer Nature Biomedicine is an important volume, and I
stronglybelievethatitwillattractreadersworkinginthefield.Thepresentvolume
has 14 chapters contributed by diversified academicians and scientists working on
microbiome research throughout the world. I must congratulate the editor of this
book for bringing out this volume with excellent contributions from the most
talentedscientistsworkingonmicrobiomeresearchandtheirapplicationsinunder-
standingthehostmicrobiomeinteractionsinhumanhealth.
KrishnaUniversity K.B.ChandraSekhar
Machilipatnam,India
vv
Preface
Thehumanbodyisabeautifullycomplexsystem,hostingtrillionsofmicrobialcells
that colonize epithelial surfaces such as those present in the mouth and gut are
included.Thereisgrowingevidencethatthesemicrobiomes,whichplayimportant
rolesinhumanphysiologyandorgandevelopment,domorethanjustlieontissues.
Indeed, relative to our human genome, there are 100 times more genes in our
microbiome and these microbial genes code for proteins that affect different pro-
cessessuchasdigestion,immunity,anddevelopment.Thepurposeofthisbookisto
provideasummaryofhumanmicrobialdiversityandtoexplainattemptstoconnect
microbialcommunitiestohumanbeings.
The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) projects in the USA, Canada, Europe,
andAsiahaveprovidedaboosttoattempttounderstandhuman-associatedmicrobial
populations. More than $200 million has been invested bythe NIH intheWestern
Worldtofundthesestudies,whicharerisingnowwiththeintroductionofevidence
and a flurry of publications. This isa time ofextraordinary breakthroughs, and the
areaissufficientlymature,whilestillnewtomeritabookhighlightingadvancement.
Responses to several issues are appearing now. How do various microbial
populationsvaryacrosslocationsinthebody?Whatistheheterogeneityofmicro-
bialcompositionatthesamespecificlocationinstableanddiseasedhumans?
Tomaximizewell-beingandmitigatediseaserisk,howcanmicrobialpopulations
bemanipulated?Overthecourseofhumanevolution,howdomicrobialpopulations
change? What are the internal factors (genetic, anatomical, hormonal, and physio-
logical) and external environmental factors that form human-associated microbial
communities(diet,sexualbehavior,andhygiene)?Manyadditionalconcernsregard-
ing the personal interactions between human and microbial cells in the body come
withpartialanswerstothesequestions.Theresearcherscontinuetomakenotewor-
thy and exhilarating contributions to our understanding of the basic biology of
humanhealthintheareaofmicrobiome.
Yetthepracticaltranslationalapplicationsofthisfascinatingandenthrallingarea
of science are outstanding. The book also discusses that research on microbiomes
provides a more comprehensive view of the genetics of humans and other species,
andhowitcanincludeinnovativehumanhealthtreatmentsandnewtechniques.For
thebeginnerandmicrobiomeenthusiasts,thisbookmaybeanessentialreadingofits
importance with existing applications in medicine, agriculture, and climate. With
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viii Preface
these aims in mind, the material of this textbook has been structured from basic to
more advanced topics in a sequential progression. Finally, this book also reviews
advancement from fundamental research to relationships between immune–
microbiomesandhumanhealthmicrobiomes:clinicalapplications.
Wehopethatyourcreativityisinspiredbythisbookandwishyouluckinyour
experiments.Thisbookillustratesastonishinglytheurgencywithwhichthenumer-
ous scientific brains are committed to the welfare of the scientific world. I am
immensely grateful to the contributors for consistently paying attention to my
requestandexpressingconfidenceinmyskills.Iwillstillbeforeverhighlyobliged
toallthecontributorsforever.Theworthlessnessoftheireffortscannotbeexplained
bytheseterms.
Becauseoftheheartfeltinterestandpainstakingeffortofmanyotherwell-wishers
whose names are not listed, but they are already in our hearts, we have effectively
compiled our innovative and reflective research work. So, the reward for their
sacrifices is definitely worth it. I want this book to be devoted to my mum,
S. Jayaprada (late). From the bottom of our souls, I and the contributing authors
hopethisbookwillbeagoodguideandguidanceforscientificstudiestounderstand
thehostmicrobiomerelationshipsinhumanhealth.
Machilipatnam,India PallavalVeeraBramhachari
Acknowledgements
My sincere thanks are extended to all the academicians and scientists who have
contributed chapters and happily agreed to share their work on Understanding the
Host–MicrobiomeInteractionsinHumanHealthinthisvolume.
Thisbookisastunningreflectionoftheseriousnesswithwhichseveralscientific
minds are dedicated from thescientificcommunity. I amextremely thankful tothe
contributorsforpayingcontinuousattentiontomyrequestandshowingfaithinmy
competencies and capabilities. I shall always remain highly obliged to all of them
forever.Thesewordscannotjustifytheworthinessoftheirefforts.Weappreciatethe
excellentworkoftheauthorsandco-authorswhowereinvitedtocontributechapters
tothisbook.Thecreditformakingthisbookarealitygoestothem.Asaneditorand
the review team for the chapters especially appreciate sharing expertise with the
contributors.Eachchapterisinformativeandwrittenasastand-alone,sothereader
canbeginanywhereinthebookdependinguponhis/herinterestsandneeds.
At the same time, I also express my deepest gratitude to my family members
especially my wife (Ramadevi Ramaswamy) and my kids (Ruthvik and Jayati) for
theirkindsupportwhichhaspromptedmetocompletetheassignmentontime.Iam
also thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Krishna University, for the
support. I am equally thankful to the Springer Nature Publishing group for their
fullcooperationduringthepeerreviewandproductionofthevolume.
Iamthankfultomybelovedteachersandmentors,fortheirconstantsupportand
motivationsatallstagesoftheprogress.
ix
About the Book
Thebookprovidesanoverviewonhowthemicrobiomecontributestohumanhealth
and disease. The microbiome has also become a burgeoning field of research in
medicine,agricultureandenvironment.Thereaderswillobtainprofoundknowledge
on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems,
medicine,agricultureandenvironment.Thebookisaddressedtoseveralresearchers,
clinicians, and scholars working in biomedicine, microbiology, and immunology.
The application of new technologies has no doubt revolutionized the research
initiatives providing new insights into the dynamics of these complex microbial
communitiesandtheirroleinmedicine,agricultureandenvironmentshallbemore
emphasized. Drawing on broad range concepts of disciplines and model systems,
this book primarily provides a conceptual framework for understanding these
human–microbe, animal–microbe, and plant–microbe interactions while shedding
critical light on the scientific challenges that lie ahead. Furthermore, this book
explains why microbiome research demands a creative and interdisciplinary think-
ing—thecapacitytocombinemicrobiologywithhuman,animal,andplantphysiol-
ogy, ecological theory with immunology, and evolutionary perspectives with
metabolicscience.
This book provides an accessible and authoritative guide to the fundamental
principles of microbiome science, an exciting and fast-emerging new discipline
that is reshaping many aspects of the life sciences. These microbial partners can
also drive ecologically important traits, from thermal tolerance to diet in a typical
immunesystem,andhavecontributedtoanimalandplantdiversificationoverlong
evolutionarytimescales.Also,thisbookexplainswhymicrobiomeresearchpresents
amorecompletepictureofthebiologyofhumansandotheranimals,andhowitcan
delivernoveltherapiesforhumanhealthandnewstrategies.
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Contents
PartI IntroductiontoMicrobiomes
1 MicrobiomesandItsSignificancewiththeCurrentApplications
inHumanHealthandDisease:GoalsandChallenges
ofMicrobiomeResearchToday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
PallavalVeeraBramhachari
PartII MicrobiomeforHumanHealth:FromBasicScience
toImmune-MicrobiomeInteractions
2 ModulationofSystemicImmuneResponsesThroughGenital,
Skin,andoralMicrobiota:UnveilingtheFundamentals
ofHumanMicrobiomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PavaniSanapalaandSudhakarPola
3 ASystematicReviewonCrosstalkBetweenMicrobiomeand
ImmuneSystem. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 35
Y.Aparna,K.Anuradha,S.Anju,andJ.Sarada
4 DiversityandDynamicsoftheGutMicrobiomeandImmune
Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
PrernaPathak
5 OverviewonHumanGutMicrobiomeanditsRolein
Immunomodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
SudhakarPolaandDhanaLakshmiPadi
6 CancerMicrobiomeandImmunotherapy:Understandingthe
ComplexResponsesBetweenMicrobes,Immunity,andCancer. . . 83
KishoreKumarGodisela,BadithalaSivaSaiKiran,andPallaval
VeeraBramhachari
7 DynamicsofRespiratoryMicrobiomeProfilesContributesto
ImbalanceandLungDysbiosisintheRespiratoryTract. . . . . . . . . 101
HarishBabuKolla,PrakashNarayanaReddy,
andPallavalVeeraBramhachari
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