Making America: A History of the United States - Volume 2: Since 1865

629 Pages·2007·37.7 MB·English

by  Carol Berkin

Making America
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Fifth Edition
Making America
A H I S T O RY O F T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S
V O L U M E 2 : S I N C E 1 8 6 5
Carol Berkin
Baruch College,City University of New York
Christopher L. Miller
The University of Texas—Pan American
Robert W. Cherny
San Francisco State University
James L. Gormly
Washington and Jefferson College
Houghton Mifflin Company
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Cover Art: Derek Buckner,Overpass#2, 2005. Oil over Acrylic on Panel 22 x 29 inches. © 2005 Derek Buckner.
Text Credits: p. 586: Map 19.1 from David Kennedy, et al. The American Pageant,Eleventh Edition, copyright ©1998 by Houghton Mifflin
Company. Reprinted with permission; p. 693: “I, Too” from Collected Poemsby Langston Hughes. Copyright ©1994 by the estate of Langston
Hughes. Reprinted by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; p. 715: Excerpts from Middletown: AStudy in American Cultureby Robert S. Lynd
and Helen M. Lynd (Harcourt, Inc., 1929). Copyright ©1929 by Harcourt, Inc., and renewed 1957 by Robert S. and Helen M. Lynd, reprinted
by permission of the publisher, pp. 137, 138, 266, 267, 268; p. 843: Menu reprinted with permission of McDonald’s Corporation; pp. 872–873:
Excerpt reprinted from The Massachusetts Review,©1966 The Massachusetts Review, Inc.; p. 922: Map 29.2 from Norton. APeople and ANa-
tion,Fifth Edition, copyright ©1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission; p. 926: Map 29.3 from David Kennedy, et al.
The American Pageant,Eleventh Edition, copyright ©1998 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted with permission; p. 953: Map 30.2 from
David Kennedy, et al., The American Pageant,Twelfth Edition. Copyright ©2002 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Used with permission; p.
948: Figure 30.2 copyright ©2001 by The New York Times. Reprinted with permission.
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Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007933591
Instructor’s exam copy:
ISBN-10: 0-547-05264-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-547-05264-9
For orders, use student text ISBNs:
ISBN-10: 0-618-99460-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-618-99460-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9—DOW—11 10 09 08 07
a
Brief Contents
15 Reconstruction: High Hopes and Shattered
Dreams, 1865–1877 434
16 An Industrial Order Emerges, 1865–1880 466
17 Becoming an Urban Industrial Society,
1880–1890 504
18 Conflict and Change in the West, 1865–1902 544
19 Economic Crash and Political Upheaval,
1890–1900 576
20 The Progressive Era, 1900–1917 610
21 The United States in a World at War,
1913–1920 648
22 Prosperity Decade, 1920–1928 680
23 The Great Depression and the New Deal,
1929–1939 718
24 America’s Rise to World Leadership,
1929–1945 748
25 Truman and Cold War America, 1945–1952 786
26 Quest for Consensus, 1952–1960 816
27 Great Promises, Bitter Disappointments,
1960–1968 846
28 America Under Stress, 1967–1976 876
29 Facing Limits, 1976–1992 904
30 Entering a New Century, 1992–2007 934
v
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a
Contents
Maps xv Railroad Development and Corruption 457
Features xvii The End of Reconstruction 458
Preface xix The “New Departure” 458
ANote for the Students: Your Guide to The 1872 Presidential Election 458
Making America xxv
The Politics of Terror: The
About the Authors xxxi “Mississippi Plan” 459
The Compromise of 1877 460
After Reconstruction 462
15 Reconstruction:High Hopes and
• Individual Voices: AFreedman Offers His
Shattered Dreams,1865–1877 434
Former Master a Proposition 463
• Summary 464
• ANote from the Author 434
• In the Wider World 465
• Individual Choices: Andy Anderson 434
• In the United States 465
Introduction 436
Residential Reconstruction 437
16 An Industrial Order Emerges,1865–1880 466
Republican War Aims 437
Lincoln’s Approach to Reconstruction:
• ANote from the Author 466
“With Malice Toward None” 438
• Individual Choices: Frank Roney 467
Abolishing Slavery Forever:
The Thirteenth Amendment 439 Introduction 468
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 440 Foundation for Industrialization 468
The Southern Response: Minimal Compliance 442 Resources, Skills, and Capital 469
Freedom and the Legacy of Slavery 442 The Transformation of Agriculture 470
Defining the Meaning of Freedom 442 The Impact of War and new
Government Policies 472
Creating Communities 443
Overview: The Economy from the Civil
Land and Labor 444
War to World War I 472
White Southerners: Confronting Change 446
Railroads and Industry 474
Congressional Reconstruction 448
Railroad Expansion 474
Challenging Presidential Reconstruction 448
Railroads: Model for Big Business 476
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 449
Chicago: Railroad Metropolis 478
Defining Citizenship:
Andrew Carnegie and the Age of Steel 480
The Fourteenth Amendment 449
• It Matters Today: Vertical Integration 481
• It Matters Today:
The Fourteenth Amendment 450 Survival of the Fittest or Robber Barons? 481
Radicals in Control 450 Workers in Industrial America 483
Political Terrorism and the Election of 1868 451 The Transformation of Work 484
Voting Rights and Civil Rights 452 Workers for Industry 484
Black Reconstruction 453 Craft Unionism—and Its Limits 486
The Republican Party in the South 454 Politics: Parties, Spoils, Scandals,
and Stalemate 487
Creating an Educational System
and Fighting Discrimination 456 Parties, Conventions, and Patronage 488
vii
viii Contents
Republicans and Democrats 489 New Cities of Skyscrapers and Streetcars 522
Grant’s Troubled Presidency: Spoils Building an Urban Infrastructure 524
and Scandals 491
The New Urban Geography 524
President Rutherford B. Hayes and the
“How the Other Half Lives” 525
Politics of Stalemate 492
New Patterns of Urban Life 526
Challenges to Politics as Usual: Grangers,
The New Middle Class 526
Greenbackers, and Silverites 493
Ferment in Education 527
The Great Railway Strike of 1877 and the
Federal Response 495 Redefining Gender Roles 529
The United States and the World, 1865–1880 496 • It Matters Today: The WCTU and Woman
Outside the United States 531
Alaska, Canada, and the Alabama Claims 496
Emergence of a Gay and
The United States and Latin America 497
Lesbian Subculture 531
Eastern Asia and the Pacific 498
The Politics of Stalemate 532
• Individual Voices: Andrew Carnegie
The Presidencies of Garfield and Arthur 532
Explains the Gospel of Wealth 500
Reforming the Spoils System 533
• Summary 501
Cleveland and the Democrats 533
• In the Wider World 502
The Mixed Blessings of Urban
• In the United States 503
Machine Politics 536
Challenging the Male Bastion:
17 Becoming an Urban Industrial Society, Woman Suffrage 537
1880–1890 504
Structural Change and Policy Change 539
The United States and the World, 1880–1889 540
• ANote from the Author 504
• Individual Voices: Nikola Tesla Explores the
• Individual Choices: Nikola Tesla 505
Problems of Energy Resources and World Peace 541
Introduction 506
• Summary 542
Expansion of the Industrial Economy 506
• In the Wider World 542
Standard Oil: Model for Monopoly 506
• In the United States 543
Thomas Edison and the Power
of Innovation 508
18 Conflict and Change in the West,
Selling to the Nation 509
1865–1902 544
Railroads, Investment Bankers,
and “Morganization” 511
• ANote from the Author 544
Economic Concentration in
• Individual Choices: María Amparo Ruiz
Consumer-Goods Industries 512
de Burton 545
Laying an Economic Base for a New South 512
Introduction 546
Organized Labor in the 1880s 514
War for the West 546
The Knights of Labor 514
The Plains Indians 546
1886: Turning Point for Labor 515
The Plains Wars 549
Uniting the Craft Unions:
The Last Indian Wars 551
The American Federation of Labor 516
Transforming the West: Mormons, Cowboys,
New Americans from Europe 516
and Sodbusters 553
AFlood of Immigrants 517
Zion in the Great Basin 553
Hyphenated America 518
Cattle Kingdom on the Plains 554
Nativism 520
Plowing the Plains 555
The New Urban America 521
Transforming the West: Railroads, Mining,
Surging Urban Growth 521
Agribusiness, Logging, and Finance 557
Contents ix
Western Railroads 558 Political Realignment: The Presidential
Election of 1896 591
Western Mining 559
The Failure of the Divided Democrats 591
The Birth of Western Agribusiness 560
The 1896 Election: Bryan Versus McKinley,
Logging in the Pacific Northwest 560
Silver Versus Protection 593
Western Metropolis: San Francisco 561
After 1896: The New Republican Majority 594
Water Wars 562
Stepping into World Affairs: Harrison
• It Matters Today: Western Water and
and Cleveland 595
Global Warming 562
Building a Navy 596
Ethnicity and Race in the West 563
ANew American Mission? 596
Immigrants to the Golden Mountain 563
Revolution in Hawai’i 597
Forced Assimilation 565
Crises in Latin America 598
Mexican Americans in the Southwest 567
Striding Boldly in World Affairs: McKinley,
The West in American Thought 569
War, and Imperialism 599
The West as Utopia and Myth 569
McKinley and War 600
The Frontier and the West 570
The “Splendid Little War” 600
• Individual Voices: Helen Hunt Jackson
The Treaty of Paris 602
Appeals for Justice for the Mission Indians of
Republic or Empire: The Election of 1900 604
Southern California (1883) 572
Organizing an Insular Empire 604
• Summary 574
The Open Door and the Boxer Rebellion
• In the Wider World 574
in China 605
• In the United States 575
• Individual Voices: William Allen White
Asks, “What’s the Matter with Kansas?” 607
19 Economic Crash and Political Upheaval, • Summary 608
1890–1900 576
• In the Wider World 608
• In the United States 609
• ANote from the Author 576
• Individual Choices: Mary Elizabeth Lease 577
20The Progressive Era,1900–1917 610
Introduction 578
Political Upheaval: The People’s Party 578
• ANote from the Author 610
The Origins of the People’s Party 578
• Individual Choices: Theodore Roosevelt 611
The People’s Party 579
Introduction 612
Political Upheaval, part two: The Politics of
Organizing for Change 612
Race and Nativism 580
The Changing Face of Politics 612
The Second Mississippi Plan and the
Atlanta Compromise 581 “Spearheads for Reform”:
The Settlement Houses 613
The Politics of Nativism 583
Women and Reform 614
Political Upheaval, part three: The Failure of
the Republicans 584 Moral Reform 617
Harrison and the Fifty-first Congress 584 Racial Issues 618
• It Matters Today: The Defeat of the Lodge Bill 585 Challenging Capitalism:
Socialists and Wobblies 619
The Elections of 1890 and 1892 585
The Reform of Politics, the Politics
Economic Collapse and Restructuring 587
of Reform 620
Economic Collapse and Depression 587
Exposing Corruption: The Muckrakers 620
Labor on the Defensive: Homestead
Reforming City Government 622
and Pullman 589
Saving the Future 623
The “Merger Movement” 591