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Lichen Biology
Lichensaresymbioticorganismsinwhichfungiandalgaeand/orcyanobacteria
formanintimatebiologicalunion.Thisdiversegroupisfoundinalmostall
terrestrialhabitatsfromthetropicstopolarregions.Inthissecondedition,four
completelynewchapterscoverrecentdevelopmentsinthestudyofthese
fascinatingorganisms,includinglichengeneticsandsexualreproduction,stress
physiologyandsymbiosis,andthecarboneconomyandenvironmentalroleof
lichens.Thewholetexthasbeenfullyupdated,withchapterscoveringanato-
mical,morphologicalanddevelopmentalaspects;thechemistryoftheunique
secondarymetabolitesproducedbylichensandthecontributionofthesesub-
stancestomedicineandthepharmaceuticalindustry;patternsoflichen
photosynthesisandrespirationinrelationtodifferentenvironmentalcondi-
tions;theroleoflichensinnitrogenfixationandmineralcycling;geographical
patternsexhibitedbythesewidespreadsymbionts;andtheuseoflichensas
indicatorsofairpollution.Thisisavaluablereferenceforbothstudentsand
researchersinterestedinlichenology.
THOMAS H. NASH III isProfessorofPlantBiologyintheSchoolofLife
SciencesatArizonaStateUniversity.Hehasover35yearsteachingexperience
inEcology,LichenologyandStatistics,andhastaughtinAustria(Fulbright
Fellowship)andconductedresearchinAustralia,Germany(juniorandsenior
vonHumboltFoundationfellowships),MexicoandSouthAmerica,andtheUSA.
Hehascoauthored5previousbooksandover200scientificarticles.
Lichen Biology
Second Edition
Editedby
THOMAS H. NASH III
ArizonaStateUniversity,USA
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB28RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521871624
© Cambridge University Press 1996, 2008
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2008
ISBN-13 978-0-511-41407-7 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-87162-4 hardback
ISBN-13 978-0-521-69216-8 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
List of contri butors vii
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
T.H. NASH III
2 Photobionts 9
T. FRIEDL AND B. BU¨DEL
3 Mycobionts 27
R. HONEGGER
4 Thallusmorphologyandanatomy 40
B. BU¨DEL AND C. SCHEIDEGGER
5 Morphogenesis 69
R. HONEGGER
6 Sexualreproductioninlichen-formingascomycetes 94
R. HONEGGER AND S. SCHERRER
7 Biochemistryandsecondarymetabolites 104
J.A. ELIX AND E. STOCKER-WO¨RGO¨TTER
8 Stressphysiologyandthesymbiosis 134
R.P. BECKETT, I. KRANNER, AND F.V. MINIBAYEVA
9 Physiologicalecologyofcarbondioxideexchange 152
T.G.A. GREEN, T.H. NASH III, AND O.L. LANGE
v
vi Contents
10 Thecarboneconomyoflichens 182
K. PALMQVIST, L. DAHLMAN, A. JONSSON, AND T.H. NASH III
11 Nitrogen,itsmetabolismandpotentialcontributionto
ecosystems 216
T.H. NASH III
12 Nutrients,elementalaccumulation,andmineralcycling 234
T.H. NASH III
13 Individualsandpopulationsoflichens 252
D. FAHSELT
14 Environmentalroleoflichens 274
M.R.D. SEAWARD
15 Lichensensitivitytoairpollution 299
T.H. NASH III
16 Lichenbiogeography 315
D.J. GALLOWAY
17 Systematicsoflichenizedfungi 336
A. TEHLER AND M. WEDIN
Appendix:Culturemethodsforlichensandlichensymbionts 353
E. STOCKER-WO¨RGO¨TTER AND A. HAGER
References 364
Taxonindex 462
Subjectindex 477
Contributors
Dr.RichardBeckett
School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of Kwazulu-
Natal,PrivateBagX01,Pietermaritzburg,SouthAfrica
ProfessorDr.BurkhardBu¨del
DepartmentofGeneralBotany,DepartmentofBiology,Erwin-Schro¨dinger-
Str.13UniversityofKaiserslautern,D-67663Kaiserslautern,Germany
Dr.LenaDahlman
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE-
90187Umea˚,Sweden
EmeritusProfessorJ.A.Elix
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Australian National
University,Canberra,ACT0200,Australia
Dr.DianneFahselt
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London,
OntarioN6A5B7,Canada
ProfessorDr.ThomasFriedl
DepartmentofExperimentalPhycologyandSammlungvonAlgenkulturen,
Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Go¨ttingen,
UntereKarspuele2,37073Go¨ttingen,Germany
Dr.DavidGalloway
16FarquharsonSt.,Opoho,Dunedin,NewZealand
Dr.T.G.A.Green
DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,TheUniversityofWaikato,PrivateBag
3105,Hamilton3240,NewZealand
ProfessorDr.RosmarieHonegger
InstituteofPlantBiology,UniversityofZu¨rich,Zollikerstrasse107,CH-8008
Zu¨rich,Switzerland
vii
viii Listofcontributors
Dr.AnnaJonsson
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE-90187
Umea˚,Sweden
Dr.IlseKranner
SeedConservationDepartment,RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,WakehurstPlace,West
Sussex,RH176TN,UK
ProfessorDr.OttoL.Lange
Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, Lehrstuhl fuer
BotanikII,Julius-von-Sachs-Platz3,D-97082Wuerzburg,Germany
Dr.FaridaMinibayeva
InstituteofBiochemistryandBiophysics,P.O.Box30,Kazan,420111,Russia
Dr.ThomasH.NashIII
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Box 874501, Tempe, AZ
85287-4501,USA
ProfessorKristinPalmqvist
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umea˚ University, SE-90187
Umea˚,Sweden
Dr.ChristophScheidegger
SwissFederalInstituteforForest,SnowandLandscapeResearch,WSL,Zu¨rcherstr.
111,CH-8903Birmensdorf,Switzerland
Dr.S.Scherrer
InstituteofPlantBiology,UniversityofZu¨rich,Zollikerstrasse107,CH-8008Zu¨rich,
Switzerland
ProfessorMarkR.D.Seaward
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Bradford,
Bradford,BD71DP,UK
ProfessorDr.ElfieStocker-Wo¨rgo¨tter
Department of Organismic Biology (Plant Physiology), University of Salzburg,
HellbrunnerStr.34,A-5020Salzburg,Austria
Dr.AndersTehler
SwedishMuseumofNaturalHistory,Box50007,SE10405Stockholm,Sweden
Dr.MatsWedin
SwedishMuseumofNaturalHistory,Box50007,SE10405Stockholm,Sweden
