Lavender: The Genus Lavandula (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles, Volume 29)

283 Pages·2002·3.59 MB·English

by  Maria Lis-Balchin

Lavender
Medicinal and aromatic plants – industrial profiles
Individual volumes in this series provide both industry and academia with in-depth coverage of
one major medicinal or aromatic plant of industrial importance.
Edited by Dr Roland Hardman
Volume 1 Volume 15
Valerian Ginseng
Edited by Peter J. Houghton Edited by W.E. Court
Volume 2 Volume 16
Perilla Mistletoe
Edited by He-ci Yu, Kenichi Kosuna and Edited by Arndt Büssing
Megumi Haga Volume 17
Tea
Volume 3
Edited by Yong-su Zhen
Poppy
Edited by Jenö Bernáth Volume 18
Artemisia
Volume 4
Edited by Colin W. Wright
Cannabis
Edited by David T. Brown Volume 19
Stevia
Volume 5 Edited by A. Douglas Kinghorn
Neem
Edited by H.S. Puri Volume 20
Vetiveria
Volume 6 Edited by Massimo Maffei
Ergot
Volume 21
Edited by Vladimír Krˇen and Ladislav Cvak
Narcissus and Daffodil
Volume 7 Edited by Gordon R. Hanks
Caraway
Volume 22
Edited by Éva Németh
Eucalyptus
Volume 8 Edited by John J.W. Coppen
Saffron Volume 23
Edited by Moshe Negbi Pueraria
Edited by Wing Ming Keung
Volume 9
Tea Tree Volume 24
Edited by Ian Southwell and Robert Lowe Thyme
Edited by E. Stahl-Biskup and F. Sáez
Volume 10
Basil Volume 25
Edited by Raimo Hiltunen and Yvonne Holm Oregano
Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios
Volume 11
Volume 26
Fenugreek
Citrus
Edited by Georgios Petropoulos
Edited by Giovanni Dugo and Angelo Di Giacomo
Volume 12
Volume 27
Gingko biloba
Geranium and Pelargonium
Edited by Teris A. Van Beek
Edited by Maria Lis-Balchin
Volume 13 Volume 28
Black Pepper Magnolia
Edited by P.N. Ravindran Edited by Satyajit D. Sarker and Yuji Maruyama
Volume 14 Volume 29
Sage Lavender
Edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios Edited by Maria Lis-Balchin
Lavender
The genus Lavandula
Edited by
Maria Lis-Balchin
London and New York
First published 2002
by Taylor & Francis
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis Inc,
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2002 Taylor & Francis
Typeset in 10/12 Garamond by
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is
true and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the publisher nor
the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions
that may be made. In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the
use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to
consult the manufacturer’s guidelines.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalogue record has been requested
ISBN 0-415-28486-4
Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables ix
List of contributors xi
Preface to the series xiii
1 General introduction to the genus Lavandula 1
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
2 The taxonomy of the genus Lavandula L. 2
TIM UPSON
3 History of usage of Lavandulaspecies 35
JO CASTLE ANDMARIA LIS-BALCHIN
4 History of nomenclature of Lavandulaspecies,
hybrids and cultivars 51
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
5 Lavender growing in England for essential oil production 57
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN ANDHENRY HEAD
6 The retail lavender nursery 60
SIMON CHARLESWORTH
7 Lavender growing in Australia 76
ROSEMARY HOLMES
8 Naming and misnaming of lavender cultivars 80
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
9 Phytochemistry of the genus Lavandula 86
JEFFREY B. HARBORNE ANDCHRISTINE A. WILLIAMS
10 Distillation of the lavender type oils: theory and practice 100
E.F.K. DENNY
11 Lavender essential oil: standardisation, ISO; adulteration and
its detection using GC, enantiomeric columns and bioactivity 117
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
vi Contents
12 Lavender oil and its therapeutic properties 124
GERHARD BUCHBAUER
13 Pharmacology of Lavandulaessential oils and
extractsin vitro andin vivo 140
STEPHEN HART ANDMARIA LIS-BALCHIN
14 The psychological effects of lavender 155
MICHAEL KIRK-SMITH
15 Antimicrobial properties of lavender volatile oil 171
STANLEY G. DEANS
16 Lavender oil and its use in aromatherapy 180
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
17 Perfumery uses of lavender and lavandin oils 194
RHONA WELLS ANDMARIA LIS-BALCHIN
18 Miscellaneous uses of lavender and lavender oil: use in hair products,
food flavouring, tissanes, herbal pillows and medicinal products 200
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
19 New research into Lavandulaspecies, hybrids and cultivars 206
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
20 Further research into Lavandulaspecies: cell cultures of L. veraand
rosmarinic acid production 214
MLADENKA PAUNOVA ILIEVA-STOILOVA, ATANAS IVANOV PAVLOV AND
ELENA GEORGIEVA KOVATCHEVA-APOSTOLOVA
21 Lavandula x heterophyllaand L. x allardii: a puzzling complex 227
SUSYN ANDREWS
22 Comparative study of essential oil quantity and composition
from ten cultivars of organically grown lavender and lavandin 232
DENYS J. CHARLES, ERICA N.C. RENAUD ANDJAMES E. SIMON
23 Chemical profiles of lavender oils and pharmacology 243
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN ANDSTEPHEN HART
24 Chemical composition of essential oils from different species,
hybrids and cultivars of Lavandula 251
MARIA LIS-BALCHIN
Index 263
Figures
2.1 The diversity of leaf shapes and forms found within the genus Lavandula 5
2.2 Diagrammatic representations of the structure of the many-flowered
(bicicinnus) and single-flowered cymes 6
2.3 Variation in corolla morphology within the genus Lavandula 7
2.4 Examples of variation in the calyces within the genus Lavandula,
illustrating differences in the calyx lobes 8
2.5 Examples illustrating the diversity of bract shapes in the genus Lavandula 9
2.6 L. angustifolia‘Hidcote’ – cultivated at Cambridge University Botanic Garden 13
2.7 L. latifolia– France, Col de Ferrier nr. Grasse. View of flower spike showing
linear bracts and bracteoles 14
2.8 L. x intermedia‘Grosso’ – cultivated at Norfolk Lavender, UK 15
2.9 L. dentata var.dentata– Morocco 16
2.10 L. stoechassubsp. stoechas 18
2.11 L. multifida– close up showing flower spike, Morocco near Oued Laou 21
2.12 L. canariensis– plant in full bloom, Tenerife near Chio 22
2.13 L. antineae– cultivated at Cambridge University Botanic Garden 24
2.14 L. subnuda– cultivated at Cambridge University Botanic Garden.
Section Subnudae 28
2.15 L. aristibracteata– cultivated at Cambridge University Botanic
Garden. Section Subnudae 29
2.16 L. bipinnata– close up of flower, cultivated at Cambridge University
Botanic Garden. Section Chaetostachys 31
5.1 ‘Old Major’ helps to collect the harvest, around 1940 57
6.1 Out-buildings and sales area fronted by the display of lavenders 60
6.2 L. stoechassubsp. Stoechas‘Kew Red’ 70
6.3 L. stoechas(cid:2)viridis‘Willow Vale’ L. angustifoliaHidcote 71
6.4 L. stoechas(cid:2)viridis‘Helmsdale’ 72
6.5 L. minutolii 73
9.1 Lavandulamonoterpenes 87
9.2 Lavandulatriterpenoids 90
9.3 Lavandulaflavonoids 91
9.4 Lavandulahydroxycinnamic acid esters 97
10.1 The lavender oil glands: oil glands on a calyx of ripe lavender 100
10.2 Harvesting at about two tons lavender flowers per hour 101
10.3 Sketches illustrating the modern cylindrical still system 102
10.4 Effects of steam moisture: oil and water on an absorptive surface 105
viii List of figures
10.5 The two orthodox still schemes mentioned in distillation equipment 108
10.6 Still for small-scale operation and (parameter) tests 110
10.7 Multi-tube condenser: vapour-tube type 111
10.8 Condensers for standard temperate zone conditions 112
10.9 Receiver–separator for oils less dense than water 113
13.1 The spasmolytic effect of commercial Lavandulaoils on the electrically-
stimulated guinea-pig ileum in vitro 143
13.2 Mode of action of lavender oil on the guinea-pig ileum in vitro 145
13.3 The enhancement of spasmolysis following the application of Trequensin,
a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, suggesting that cAMP is involved 146
13.4 Investigating the possibility of calcium channel involvement using
calcium-free buffers 148
13.5 The effect of lavender oil on the spontaneously contracting uterus of the rat
in vitro, showing the inhibition of contractions, which at higher lavender
oil concentrations actually cease altogether 149
13.6 The action of lavender oil on skeletal muscle using the chick biventer muscle
preparation in vitro 151
13.7 (a) The action of linalyl acetate on the skeletal muscle showing a spasmolytic
action (b) the action of thyme oil for comparison, showing a rise
in baseline but no decrease in the size of the contractions 151
20.1 HPLC of the methanolic extract of cell biomass from L. veraMM 216
20.2 The basic physiological characteristics of the L. veraMM cell suspension 218
20.3 Time course of growth (a) and RA biosynthesis (b) by L. veraMM cell
suspension culture 219
20.4 Effect of sucrose concentration in the nutrient medium on yields of the cell
biomass (g DB/g sucrose) and RA (mg RA/g sucrose) 220
20.5 Time course of growth (a) and RA biosynthesis (b) by L. veraMM cell
with different concentration of ammonium ions 221
20.6 Time course of growth (a) and RA biosynthesis (b) by L. veraMM cell
with different concentration of nitrate ions 221
20.7 Time course of growth (a) and RA biosynthesis (b) by L. veraMM cell
suspension culture cultivated in LS nutrient medium with different
amounts of KH PO 222
2 4
21.1 Lavandulax allardii‘African Pride’ 229
21.2 Lavandulax allardii‘Clone B’ 230
Tables
9.1 The major constituents of lavender, lavandin and spike lavender oils 88
9.2 A comparison of the main constituents of lavender oil from different countries 88
9.3 The major essential oils of some L. latifoliaand some wild Lavandulataxa
from Spain and Portugal 89
9.4 Flavones detected in Lavandulaspecies, subspecies and varieties 93
9.5 Some flavones detected in Lavandulaspecies 95
9.6 The distribution of the major flavone glycosides in Lavandulasections
Stoechas, Dentata, Pterostoechasand Subnuda 95
9.7 The distribution of different flavone subclasses in the six sections of
the genus Lavandula 96
9.8 Anthocyanins of Lavandulaflowers: pigments present 96
9.9 Distribution of hydroxycinnamic acid esters in the genus Lavandula 96
11.1 L. angustifoliaP. Miller ISO 3515 1987 117
11.2a Lavandin abrialis ISO 3054 1987 L. angustifoliaP. Miller(cid:2)L. latifolia
(L.f) Medikus 118
11.2b Lavandin grosso ISO 8902 1986 L. angustifoliaP. Miller(cid:2)L. latifolia(L.f)
Medikus light yellow 118
11.3 Major compounds of lavender oil produced by hydrodiffusion and microwave
extraction in hexane 121
11.4 Composition of lavandin grosso oil from steam distillation, oil from CO
2
extraction and an absolute 121
11.5 Changes in main chemical components of natural L. hybrids
collected in Tanaro Valley, Italy 121
11.6 Correlation between high linalool or linalyl acetate content of commercial
essential oils and bioactivity 122
12.1 Effect of lavender and other EOs and fragrance compounds on motility in
mice after 1h of inhalation 126
13.1 Evidence for contraction, C and or relaxation, R for extracts and essential
oils in electrically-stimulated guinea-pig ileum in vitro 144
13.2 Evidence for Ca(cid:3)(cid:3)channel blocking by different extracts of Lavandulaspecies 148
15.1a Antibacterial activity of lavender volatile oil against twenty-five
test bacteria 174
15.1b Antibacterial activity of lavender oil constituents against twenty-five
test bacteria 175
15.2 Correlation between linalool and linalyl acetate content per cent of
lavender volatile oils and antimicrobial activity 176