Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Health

452 Pages·2013·202.267 MB·English

by  Deborah Fish Ragin

An Interdisciplinary Approach to Health
Second Edition
DEBORAH FISH RAGIN
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CO NTENTS
Preface xiii
About the Author xviii
1 An Interdisciplinary View of Health 1
Chapter Outline 1
Chapter Objectives 1
Opening Story: How Would You Describe
Winston's Health? 2
Section I. A Brief History of Health 4
Health Practices in Early Civilizations 4
Health Practices in the United States 10
Summary 10
Section II. Defining Health Today 10
Early Holistic Concepts 10
Models of Health and Well-Being 11
Section III. Current Views on Determinants of Health:
A Health Psychology Perspective 16
Individual/Demographic Influences 16
Family/Cultural Influences 17
Physical Environmental Influences on Health 19
Social Environmental Influences on Health 20
Health Systems/Health Policies Influences 20
Summary 21
Personal Postscript 22
Questions to Consider 24
Important Terms 24
2 Research Methods 25
Chapter Outline 25
Chapter Objectives 25
Opening Story: Healthy Volunteer Dies in Asthma Study 26
Section I. Measuring Health 27
Borrowing from Epidemiology 27
Summary 32
iv CONTENTS
Section II. Methodology 32
Qualitative Studies 33
Correlational Studies 36
Experimental Studies 37
Intervention Studies 43
Ethical Considerations in Experimental Design 44
Quasi-Experimental Intervention Studies 45
Summary 45
Section III. Research Ethics and Policy 45
Reactions to the Word Research 46
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study 46
The Nuremberg Code of 1947 49
Study of Interpersonal Dynamics (Stanford Prison Experiment) 51
Research without Informed Consent 54
Summary 55
Personal Postscript 55
Questions to Consider 56
Important Terms 56
3 Global Communicable and Chronic Disease 57
Chapter Outline 57
Chapter Objectives 57
Opening Story: Man with Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Causes
International Health Scare 58
Section I. Global Health Problems 62
Communicable Diseases: Human-to-Human Transmission 62
Recurring Diseases 68
Chronic Diseases 73
Measures of Life Expectancy, Quality of Life, and Chronic
illnesses 80
Section II. Global Health Organizations 82
World Health Organization (WHO) 84
The Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies 86
Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) 87
Section III. Health Policy 87
National Policy: Global Implications 87
Isolation and Containment for TB and HIV/AIDS 88
CONTENTS V
Section IV. The Economic Consequences of Poor Health 89
Who Is Affected? 89
Individual Health and Community Outcomes 89
Summary 90
Personal Postscript 90
Questions to Consider 91
Important Terms 91
4 Theories and Models of Health Behavior Change 92
Chapter Outline 92
Chapter Objectives 92
Opening Story: Eddie's Dilemma 93
Section I. Theories and Models of Health Behavior
Change 94
Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) 94
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) 96
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 98
Health Belief Model (HBM) 101
Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) 105
Section II. Social Marketing: A Technique to Promote
Behavior Change 109
The Four Ps 110
Blended Models 112
Section III. The Ecological Approach to Health: Factors That
Influence Health Behaviors 115
Individual Factors 115
Cultural and Social Networks 119
Physical Environment 120
Health Systems 122
Health Policy 123
Section IV. Challenges to Sustaining Health Behavior
Change 124
Short- versus Long-Term Adherence 125
The Appeal of Unhealthy Behaviors 126
Personal Postscript 126
Questions to Consider 127
Important Terms 127
vi CONTENTS
5 Risky Health Behaviors 128
Chapter Outline 128
Chapter Objectives 128
Opening Story: Distracted to Death 129
Section I. Unintentional Injury and Violence 133
Motor Vehicle Accidents 133
Violence 134
Section II. Substance Use and Abuse: Influence of Culture, Age,
and Gender 139
Cigarettes 140
Alcohol 145
Illegal and Prescription Drugs 151
Section III. Risky Sexuai Behaviors 155
Defining Risk 155
Early Initiation Behaviors 156
Health-Protecting Behaviors 157
Multiple Sexual Partners 158
Substance Use and Sexual Behavior 158
Teenage Pregnancies 159
Section IV. Eating Disorders 159
Anorexia Nervosa 159
Bulimia 161
Obesity 162
Binge Eating 163
Eating Disorders in Context 163
Summary 164
Personal Postscript 164
Questions to Consider 165
Important Terms 165
6 Emotional Health and Well-Being 166
Chapter Outline 166
Chapter Objectives 166
Opening Story: Angelita 167
Section I. Four Models of Well-Being 169
Biomedical Model 169
Biopsychosocial Model 171
Wellness Model 176
Social Ecological Model 180
Summary 183
Section II. Positive Psychology 184
Defining Positive Psychology 185
Positive versus Negative Psychology? 185
Positive Psychology and Health 186
Critiques of Positive Psychology 187
Section III. Traditional Medicines 189
Contributions of Traditional Medicine 190
Chinese Traditional Medicine (CTM) 191
Curanderismo 194
Native American Health Practices 196
Personal Postscript 197
Questions to Consider 198
Important Terms 198
7 Stress and Coping 199
Chapter Outline 199
Chapter Objectives 199
Opening Story; Sarah 200
Section I. Defining Stress 202
Three Theories of Stress 203
Section II. Stress and Illness 213
Chronic Illness and Stress 214
Can Stress Lead to Illness? 215
The Diathesis-Stress (D-S) Model of Disease 215
Personality Type, Stress, and Illness 215
Psychosocial Events and Stress 216
Daily Life Hassles and Stress 221
Catastrophic Events and Stress 223
Section III. Coping with Stress 224
Cognitive Coping 224
Behavioral Coping Strategies 226
High-Risk Behaviors and Stress 232
Stress, Sexual Behaviors, and Substance Abuse 233
Positive Affect and Stress 234
viii CONTENTS
Personal Postscript 235
Questions to Consider 237
Important Terms 237
8 HIV and AIDS 238
Chapter Outline 238
Chapter Objectives 238
Opening Story: Ryan White: An Agent of Change 239
Section I. The Science of HIV and AIDS 241
Definition of HIV and AIDS 241
The Human Immune System 242
Summary 246
Section II. HIV Prevalence, Human Transmission,
and Human Behavior 247
Origins 247
Human-to-Human Transmission 248
Symptoms of HIV and AIDS 250
Prevalence of HIV and AIDS: The Effects of Human Behavior
and Health Policy 251
HIV/AIDS in the United States: Prevalence
and Prevention 255
HIV Prevention/Intervention Strategies That Work 261
Global Epicenters and Global "Hot Spots" 262
Section III. Psychosocial Perspectives on New HIV Testing
and Treatments 265
Testing for and Preventing HIV 265
Antiretroviral Treatments 268
Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) Prevention 269
HIV and Psychological Stress 270
Section IV. Psychoneuroimmunology 272
Personal Postscript 273
Questions to Consider 274
Important Terms 274
9 Cardiovascular Disease 275
Chapter Outline 275
Chapter Objectives 275
Opening Story: Tim Russert 276
CONTENTS
Section 1. The Heart and Its Functions 277
Structure 277
Function 279
Summary 279
Section II. Cardiovascular Disease 280
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 280
Cardiac Arrest 281
Stroke 282
Hypertension 282
Section III. Psychosocial Factors and Cardiovascular Disease 284
Stress 284
Ethnicity 285
Perceived Racism 285
Personality 286
Summary 287
Section IV. Cardiovascular Disease and Health Determinants 287
Individual Determinants 287
Community/Environment 300
Health Systems and Access to Care 301
Personal Postscript 302
Questions to Consider 303
Important Terms 303
10 Chronic Pain Management and Arthritis 304
Chapter Outline 304
Chapter Objectives 304
Opening Story: Juvenile Arthritis 305
Section I. "The Decade of Pain" 305
Defining Pain 307
Pain Perception 308
Individual Difference Factors and Pain 309
Changing Characteristics of Pain 313
Section II. Pain and Arthritis 315
Types of Arthritis 315
Measuring Pain 320
Pain Management versus Pain Elimination 322
Section III. Pharmacological and Psychotherapeutic
Management of Pain 323
Medical Therapies for Arthritis 323
Alternative Therapies 325
Psychotherapeutic Treatments 327
Caregivers, Pain Management, and Psychological
Distress 332
Personal Postscript 333
Questions to Consider 333
Important Terms 334
Cancer 335
Chapter Outline 335
Chapter Objectives 335
Opening Story: Can Cell Phones Cause Cancer? Consider the Case
of Reginald Lewis 336
Section I. Defining Cancer 338
Tumors 339
Categories of Cancer 339
Comparing Global and U.S. Incidences of Cancer 341
Section II. Risk Factors for Cancer 343
Cancer and Gender 343
Genetic Factors 345
Race/Ethnicity and Cancer 347
Environment and Cancer Mortality 349
Health Behaviors and Cancers 351
Section III. Cancer: Treatments and Preventions 355
Preventive Health Behaviors 356
Section IV. Medical and Psychological Treatments 361
The Diagnosis: A Psychological Process 361
Medical Therapies 362
Psychological Comorbidity 363
Psychotherapeutic Approaches 364
Summary 369
Personal Postscript 369
Questions to Consider 370
Important Terms 370
CONTENTS xi
12 Health Care Systems and Health Policy:
Effects on Health Outcomes 371
Chapter Outline 371
Chapter Objectives 371
Opening Story: Michelle's Dilemma 372
Section I. Access to the Health Care System 374
Health Care: An Unnecessary Expense? 374
Health Care: An Unaffordable Expense? 375
Section II. Overview of Health Care Systems in the United
States 376
In the Beginning 376
Health Plans: Gatekeepers to Health Care 377
Section III. Negotiating the System 391
Consumer Satisfaction 392
Consumer-Provider Communication 394
Trust 396
Section IV. Challenges for Health Care Providers 397
Physicians' Three "Fatal" Communication Errors 397
Physician Miscommunication or Patient Inattentiveness 398
Nonverbal Communication Cues 399
Section V. Health Policy 401
Preventive Care 402
Single-Payer Health Care System 402
Personal Postscript 404
Questions to Consider 405
Important Terms 405
13 The Health Psychologist's Role: Research, Application,
and Advocacy 406
Chapter Outline 406
Chapter Objectives 406
Opening Story: John and Ahmed: Aspiring Health
Psychologists 407
Section I. Working with Individuals 408
Education 409
Evaluation of Interventions 412
Promoting Individual Self-Advocacy 413