Hate Crime in America, 1968-2013: A Chronology of Offenses, Legislation and Related Events

330 Pages·2014·3.133 MB·English

by  Michael Newton

Hate Crime in America,
1968–2013
ALSOBYMICHAELNEWTON
ANDFROMMCFARLAND
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Hate Crime in
America, 1968–2013
A Chronology of Offenses,
Legislation and Related Events
Michael Newton
McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers
Jefferson, North Carolina
LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA
Newton, Michael, 1951–
Hate crime in America, 1968–2013 : a chronology of offenses,
legislation and related events / Michael Newton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
♾
ISBN 978-0-7864-7476-9 (softcover : acid free paper)
ISBN 978-1-4766-1746-6 (ebook)
1. Hate crimes—United States—History—Chronology.
2. Hate crimes—Law and legislation—United States—History.
3. United States—Race relations—History. I. Title.
HV6773.52.N49 2014 364.150973'09045—dc23 2014034225
BRITISHLIBRARYCATALOGUINGDATAAREAVAILABLE
© 2014 Michael Newton. All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.
Cover image © Dreamstime.com
Printed in the United States of America
McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers
Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640
www.mcfarlandpub.com
For Wharlest Jackson
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Table of Contents
Preface 1
Introduction 3
The Chronology 19
Appendix: Hate Crime Statutes by State 297
Bibliography 305
Index 311
• vii •
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Preface
The work in hand is a revised, corrected, and extended version of a previous volume,
Racial & Religious Violence in America, published in 1991. That chronology spanned 1501
to 1989, beginning with acts of tribal warfare among Native American peoples before Euro-
pean settlers arrived and continuing through the Reagan- Bush era. The present volume
begins in 1968, with passage of the first modern legislation addressing bias- motivated
crimes, and proceeds from there, including elaboration on—and correction of—entries
from the original work where further information is now available. It also includes attacks
on women’s clinics nationwide as hate crimes, based on the self- professed declarations of
those involved that their crimes are motivated by religious zeal.
Chronological entries are not restricted to criminal actions per se, but also include
the passage of relevant statutes and amendments affecting the definition, prosecution and
punishment of hate crimes. Whenever possible, specific information is included as to dates
of various events and names of hate crime victims or their perpetrators.
Entries lacking full details are reported as they appeared in the best sources available,
including media reports and published secondary sources cataloging crimes motivated by
race or ethnicity, religion, national origin, gender identity, sexual orientation, and other
factors creating “target” populations within the United States.
Inclusion of incidents wherein specific defendants were acquitted, or their convictions
were overturned on appeal, appear in the chronology on grounds that hate crimes did
occur, even if they remain officially unsolved today. In those cases, no implication of guilt
should be inferred regarding acquitted defendants unless specific incriminating evidence—
such as confessions—are detailed in the text.
Unprosecuted cases of bias- motivated vandalism with no other more serious crimes,
occurring on a daily basis nationwide, have been omitted for reasons of space and econ-
omy.
The early version of this work was researched during 1988 and 1989 at the Herman B.
Wells Library at Indiana University, in Bloomington. Longtime friend and fellow author
David Frasier rendered invaluable aid in that pursuit, and continued his generous assistance
for this volume from his post at the university’s Lilly Library. Any errors in the text are the
author’s. Readers who wish to offer factual corrections or additions are welcome to com-
municate via my Web site at www.michaelnewton.homestead.com.
• 1 •