Green Energy: A Sustainable Future

250 Pages·2023·16.634 MB·English

by  M. A. Parvez Mahmud, Shahjadi Hisan Farjana, Candace Lang, Nazmul Huda

GREEN ENERGY

GREEN ENERGY
A Sustainable Future
M.A.PARVEZMAHMUD
SchoolofElectrical,Mechanicaland
InfrastructureEngineering
TheUniversityofMelbourne
Parkville,VIC,Australia
SHAHJADIHISANFARJANA
SchoolofEngineering
DeakinUniversity
Geelong,VIC,Australia
CANDACELANG
SchoolofEngineering
MacquarieUniversity
Sydney,NSW,Australia
NAZMULHUDA
SchoolofEngineering
MacquarieUniversity
Sydney,NSW,Australia
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Contents
Listoffigures ix
Listoftables xiii
1. Introductiontogreenandsustainableenergy 1
1.1. Challengesandobjectives 1
1.2. Maincontributions 3
1.3. Bookoutline 5
2. State-of-the-artlifecycleassessmentmethodologiesappliedin
renewableenergysystems 7
2.1. Introduction 7
2.2. Reviewselectioncriteriaandmethod 11
2.3. Lifecycleassessmentofrenewablepowerplants 12
2.4. LCAofrenewableenergysystems 17
2.5. Geographiclocation-wiseLCAofrenewableenergysystems 31
2.6. Summaryandoutlook 40
2.7. Conclusionandfuturerecommendation 45
3. Environmentalimpactsofsolar-PVandsolar-thermalplants 47
3.1. Introduction 48
3.2. Materialsandmethods 52
3.3. Resultsanddiscussion 58
3.4. Limitationsofthisstudy 71
3.5. Conclusions 71
4. Environmentalimpactsofhydropowerplants 73
4.1. Introduction 73
4.2. HydropowerplantsofalpineandnonalpineareasinEurope 78
4.3. Methodology 80
4.4. Results 88
4.5. Discussion 96
4.6. Limitationsandfutureimprovements 98
4.7. Conclusion 102
v
vi Contents
5. Environmentalimpactassessmentofrenewablepowerplantsin
theUS 103
5.1. Introduction 103
5.2. USelectricitygenerationandconsumptionoverview 109
5.3. Methodology 109
5.4. Resultsandinterpretation 118
5.5. Uncertaintyanalysis 124
5.6. Sensitivityanalysis 129
5.7. Discussion 131
5.8. Conclusion 132
6. Comparativeenvironmentalimpactassessmentofsolar-PV,
wind,biomass,andhydropowerplants 135
6.1. Introduction 136
6.2. Materialsandmethods 138
6.3. Resultsanddiscussion 147
6.4. Conclusion 160
7. Advancedenergy-sharingframeworkforrobustcontroland
optimaleconomicoperationofanislandedmicrogridsystem 161
7.1. Introduction 161
7.2. Power-routingframework 164
7.3. Optimization-basedenergy-sharingmodel 166
7.4. Power-routingcontrolstrategy 168
7.5. Simulationandresults 171
7.6. Conclusion 177
8. Environmentalimpactassessmentandtechno-economicanalysis
ofahybridmicrogridsystem 179
8.1. Introduction 179
8.2. Microgridsystemoverview 183
8.3. Methods 185
8.4. Resultsanddiscussion 193
8.5. Sensitivityanalysis 198
8.6. Conclusion 200
9. Futuredirectionstowardsgreenandsustainableenergy 205
9.1. Booksummaryandconcludingremarks 205
9.2. Futureresearchdirections 209
Contents vii
A. Listofacronyms 211
B. Listofsymbols 213
References 215
Index 231
List of figures
Figure2.1 Systematicoverviewofthekeystepsfollowedtoconductthis
review. 12
Figure2.2 ThekeyLCAstages[1]. 12
Figure2.3 TheLCAframework[1]. 13
Figure2.4 Thecommonlifecycleinventoryforenergysystems[2]. 14
Figure2.5 SchematicrepresentationofLCAmethods. 15
Figure2.6 Comparisonofkeyimpactsofvariousrenewableplants[2]. 43
Figure2.7 Keyimpactsofsolar-PVplants. 43
Figure2.8 Keyimpactsofhydropowerplants. 44
Figure2.9 Keyimpactcomparisonwithwindpowerplants. 44
Figure2.10 Keyimpactcomparisonwithbiomasspowerplants. 45
Figure3.1 Schematicframeworkofthesolar-PVsystem. 53
Figure3.2 Schematicframeworkofthesolar-thermalsystem. 53
Figure3.3 Step-by-stepenergyandmaterialflowsforbothsystems. 55
Figure3.4 SystemboundaryoftheLCA. 56
Figure3.5 Lifecycleinputsandoutputsofthesolar-PVsystemusingthe
RMFmethodology. 59
Figure3.6 Environmentalprofilesoftheconsideredsolar-PVsystem. 60
Figure3.7 End-pointimpactsoftheindividualcomponentsofthe
solar-PVsystem. 60
Figure3.8 Lifecycleinputsandoutputsofthesolar-thermalsystem
usingtheRMFmethodology. 62
Figure3.9 Environmentalprofilesoftheconsideredsolar-thermalsystem. 62
Figure3.10 End-pointimpactsoftheindividualcomponentsofthe
solar-thermalsystem. 63
Figure3.11 Comparisonofenvironmentalimpactsfromthesolar-PVand
thesolar-thermalsystem. 64
Figure3.12 End-pointimpactcomparisonofthesystemsusingImpact
2002+methodology. 65
Figure3.13 GHGemissionofthesolar-PVsystemwithatimeperiodof
100years. 66
Figure3.14 GHGemissionofthesolar-thermalsystemwithatimeperiod
of100years. 67
Figure3.15 GHGemissionofthesystemsasdeterminedusingIPCC
methodology. 67
Figure3.16 Requiredenergyfromdifferentsourcestobuild,operate,and
disposeofbothsystems. 68
ix
x Listoffigures
Figure3.17 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory
ofthesolar-PVsystem. 70
Figure3.18 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory
ofthesolar-thermalsystem. 71
Figure4.1 MapofthealpineboundaryinEurope(source:2ndReporton
theStateoftheAlps)[3]. 79
Figure4.2 Hydropowerproductionscenariosinalpineandnonalpine
areasofEurope[4]. 80
Figure4.3 StagesoftheLCAmethod[5]. 81
Figure4.4 Materialsflowsheetfor1MJofhydropowergenerationinan
alpineregion. 82
Figure4.5 Materialsflowsheetfor1MJofhydropowergenerationina
nonalpineregion. 83
Figure4.6 LCAsystemboundaryusedinthisresearch. 84
Figure4.7 LCAmethodsusedinthisresearch. 87
Figure4.8 Globalwarming-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 89
Figure4.9 Ozoneformation-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 89
Figure4.10 Ecotoxicity-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 90
Figure4.11 Waterconsumption-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 90
Figure4.12 Effectoutcomecomparisonforotherimpactindicators. 91
Figure4.13 End-pointdamageassessmentoftheplantsusingtheImpact
2002+approach. 92
Figure4.14 GHGemissionsasdeterminedbytheIPCCapproach. 94
Figure4.15 Comparativelifecycleinputsandoutputsofhydropower
plantsofalpineandnonalpineregionsasdeterminedbythe
RMFmethod. 95
Figure4.16 Environmentalimpactsofvariouspowerplants. 99
Figure4.17 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory
ofhydropowerplantsofalpinezones. 99
Figure4.18 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory
ofhydropowerplantsofnonalpinezones. 99
Figure5.1 ElectricityconsumptionoverviewintheUSbasedondifferent
energysources[6]. 111
Figure5.2 Materialflowsheetfor1kWhofsolar-PVpowergeneration. 112
Figure5.3 Materialflowsheetfor1kWhofpumpedstoragehydropower
generation. 113
Figure5.4 Materialflowsheetfor1kWhofbiomasspowergeneration. 114
Figure5.5 Commonsystemboundaryforallpowergeneration
processesusedinthisLCAanalysis. 116
Figure5.6 Lifecycleimpactassessmentmethodsusedinthisresearch. 117