Emergency Triage: Manchester Triage Group

202 Pages·2014·1.691 MB·English

by  Kevin Mackway-Jones, Janet Marsden, Jill Windle

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Emergency Triage
ManchesterTriageGroup
Emergency Triage
Manchester Triage Group
EDITED BY
Kevin Mackway-Jones
Janet Marsden
Jill Windle
THIRD EDITION
Thiseditionfirstpublished2014(cid:2)C 2014byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.
Secondedition2006(cid:2)C BlackwellPublishingLtd.
Firstedition1997(cid:2)C BMJPublishingGroup
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Emergencytriage/ManchesterTriageGroup;editedbyKevinMackway-Jones,JanetMarsden,JillWindle.
Thirdedition.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-29906-7(pbk.:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-118-29902-9–ISBN978-1-118-29903-6
(emobi)–ISBN978-1-118-29904-3(epdf)–ISBN978-1-118-29905-0(epub)
I.Mackway-Jones,Kevin,editor. II.Marsden,Janet,editor. III.Windle,Jill,editor. IV.Manchester
TriageGroup,issuingbody.
[DNLM:1.Triagemethods. 2.EmergencyService,Hospital. WX215]
RA975.5.E5
362.18–dc23
2013024786
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynot
beavailableinelectronicbooks.
Anyonewishingtolicenseallorpartofthisbookinelectronicformatforintegrationintoasoftware
productorahospital’selectronicpatientrecords,oranyonewishingtolicensethistitlefortranslationplease
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1 2014
Contents
Editors,vi
MembersoftheoriginalManchesterTriageGroup,vii
InternationalReferenceGroup,viii
Prefacetothethirdedition,ix
Prefacetothefirstedition,xi
1 Introduction,1
2 Thedecision-makingprocessandtriage,6
3 Thetriagemethod,11
4 Painassessmentaspartofthetriageprocess,25
5 Patientmanagement,triageandthetriagepractitioner,35
6 Auditingthetriageprocess,42
7 Telephonetriage,47
8 Beyondprioritisation,54
Presentationalflowchartindex,62
Presentationalflowcharts,64
Discriminatordictionary,174
Index,185
Generaldiscriminators,190
v
Editors
Kevin Mackway-Jones, Consultant Emergency Physician, Manchester
RoyalInfirmaryandRoyalManchesterChildren’sHospital;MedicalDirec-
tor, North West Ambulance Service; Honorary Civilian Consultant Advi-
sor in Emergency Medicine to the British Army; Professor of Emergency
Medicine,CentreforEffectiveEmergencyCare,ManchesterMetropolitan
University.
Janet Marsden, Professor of Ophthalmology and Emergency Care and
Director, Centre for Effective Emergency Care, Manchester Metropolitan
University.
Jill Windle, Lecturer Practitioner in Emergency Nursing, Salford Royal
HospitalsNHSFoundationTrustandUniversityofSalford.
vi
Members of the original
Manchester Triage Group
KassimAli,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
SimonBrown,SeniorEmergencyNurse
HelenFiveash,SeniorEmergencyNurse
JulieFlaherty,SeniorPaediatricEmergencyNurse
StephanieGibson,SeniorEmergencyNurse
ChrisLloyd,SeniorEmergencyNurse
KevinMackway-Jones,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
SueMcLaughlin,SeniorPaediatricEmergencyNurse
JanetMarsden,SeniorOphthalmicEmergencyNurse
RosemaryMorton,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
KarenOrry,SeniorEmergencyNurse
BarbaraPhillips,ConsultantinPaediatricEmergencyMedicine
PhilRandall,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
JoanneRoyle,SeniorEmergencyNurse
BrendanRyan,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
IanSammy,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
SteveSouthworth,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
DebbieStevenson,SeniorEmergencyNurse
ClaireSummers,ConsultantinEmergencyMedicine
JillWindle,LecturerPractitionerinEmergencyNursing
vii
International Reference Group
Austria
StefanKovacevic
AndreasLueger
WillibaldPateter
Brazil
WelfaneCordeiro
MariadoCarmosRausch
Ba´rbaraTorres
Germany
JoergKrey
HeinzpeterMoecke
PeterNiebuhr
Mexico
AlfredoTanakaChavez
ElizabethHernandezDelgadillo
NoeArellanoHernandez
Norway
GretheDoelbakken
EndreSandvik
GermarSchneider
Portugal
PauloFreitas
AntonioMarques
AngelaValenca
Spain
ConxaOliverMartinez
GemaGarciaRiestra
GabrielRedondoTorres
viii
Preface to the third edition
Time continues to move on and it is now nearly 20 years since a group
of senior emergency physicians and emergency nurses first met to con-
sidersolutionstothemuddlethatwastriageinManchester,UK.Wehad
no expectation that the solution to our local problems would be robust
enough(andtimelyenough)tobecomethetriagesolutionforthewhole
United Kingdom. Never in our wildest dreams did we imagine that the
ManchesterTriageSystem(MTS)wouldbegenericenoughtobeadopted
aroundtheworld.Muchtooursurprise,however,bothofthesefantastic
ideascameabout,andtheMTScontinuestobeusedinmanylanguagesto
triagetensofmillionsofEmergencyDepartmentattenderseachyear.
The basic principles that drive the MTS (recognition of the presenta-
tionandreductivediscriminatoridentification)areunchanging–butfrom
time to time it has become necessary to make some adjustments to the
detail. The third edition builds on the changes we made in the second;
it takes into account the comments passed to us by users over the years
(forwhichweareverygrateful)andalsothecontributionsoftheInterna-
tionalReferenceGroup,whobringabroadperspectivefromotherclinical
situations and cultures. It also seeks to include modifications that reflect
newresearchandalterationsinthepracticeofemergencycare.Significant
changes include new charts for unwell neonates and babies and a major,
evidence-based change in the way in which fever in childhood is priori-
tised. We have clarified discriminator terminology and definitions where
thiswasprovingdifficult(forinstance‘abnormalpulse’isnowclarifiedas
‘new abnormal pulse’ and ‘known immunosupression’ has been restated
as‘knownorlikelyimmunospression’).Wehavealsotakentheopportu-
nitytostandardisetheorderinwhichdiscriminatorsappearonthecharts.
Overallthough,asinthesecondedition,thechangesaresmallinnumber.
Thisneweditionalsocontinuesourattempttoputtriageinthecontext
of changes that are happening in many emergency care systems around
the world. Emergency care continues to be the focus of political and
management attention. The care of increasing numbers of patients with
ix
x Prefacetothethirdedition
less urgent conditions (who make up the majority in most settings) con-
tinue to be a source of concern, since under-resourced systems that
focused (rightly) on patients with the highest clinical priority inevitably
resultedindelayedcareforthoseattheotherendofthepriorityscale.In
the consumer age, this delay (which delivers a poor patient experience)
is unacceptable. It is often easier to blame the clinical prioritisation sys-
tem (triage) for this delay than to deal with an under-resourced system.
Another current vogue is to try to replace a dedicated emergency care
triage system with a hospital-wide track and trigger score. The evidence
is clear that, unsurprisingly, this cannot be done without a considerable
additionalrisktophysiologicallynormalpatientsearlyintheevolutionof
theirillness.
Ourstandpointhasalwaysbeenthatproperemergencytriageisvitalin
all systems or circumstances where the demand for emergency care out-
strips the ability to deliver it. We continue to believe that these circum-
stances occur occasionally in even the best managed and resourced sys-
tems, and frequently in those with the usual demands and staffing. Thus
clinicalprioritisation(whethercalledtriage,initialassessmentoranything
else)remainsacornerstoneofclinicalriskmanagementinemergencycare,
andabandoningitcompletelyisnotanoption.
KevinMackway-Jones,JanetMarsden,JillWindle
Manchester,2013