Biological Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth

401 Pages·2011·7.07 MB·English

by  Hongzhe Sun

Biological Chemistry of Arsenic,
Antimony and Bismuth

Biological Chemistry
of Arsenic, Antimony
and Bismuth
Editor
HONGZHE SUN
Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong,
P. R. China
Thiseditionfirstpublished2011
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Biologicalchemistryofarsenic,antimonyandbismuth/editor,HongzheSun.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-71390-7(cloth)
1. Arsenic–Physiologicaleffect.2. Antimony–Physiologicaleffect.3. Bismuth–Physiologicaleffect.
4. Group15elements–Physiologicaleffect. I.Sun,Hongzhe.
QP535.A7B56 2011
615.9025715–dc22
2010032741
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN9780470713907
ePDF:9780470975497
oBook:9780470975503
ePub:9780470976227
Setin10/12pt,TimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd
Contents
List ofContributors xiii
Preface xv
1 The Chemistry of Arsenic,Antimony and Bismuth 1
Neil Burford, Yuen-yingCarpenter, Eamonn Conrad
and Cheryl D.L. Saunders
1.1 Properties of the Elements 1
1.2 Allotropes 3
1.3 BondEnergies 4
1.4 OxidationStates 4
1.5 RelativisticEffects and Orbital Contraction 5
1.6 Structure and Bonding 6
1.7 Clusters andExtended Structures 9
1.8 Hybridization and Inversion 11
1.9 Coordination Chemistry 12
1.10 Geological Occurrence 14
1.11 AqueousChemistry andSpeciation 14
1.12 Analytical Methodsand Characterization 15
1.13 Conclusions 15
References 15
2 Arsenic’s Interactions withMacromoleculesand its Relationship
to Carcinogenesis 19
Kirk T. Kitchin
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Arsenic’s Interactions with DNAand Proteins 20
2.2.1 Releaseof Zinc from Zinc FingerProteinshasbeen
Chemically Demonstrated 26
2.2.2 BindingofTrivalent ArsenictoZinc Finger Proteins 26
2.2.3 Reduced FunctionofZinc Finger Proteins 27
2.2.4 Restoration of Zinc FingerProtein Function 27
2.3 Cancer –MOA 30
2.3.1 Bindingto RSH Groups 30
2.3.2 Cancer –MOA –OxidativeStress 31
2.3.3 Cancer –MOA –DNAMethylation 33
vi Contents
2.4 Arsenic’s ManyConnectionstoCarcinogenesis 34
2.4.1 Human Carcinogenicity 34
2.4.2 Animal Studies - Promotion of Carcinogenesis 38
2.4.3 Animal Studies - CompleteCarcinogenesis 38
2.4.4 Arsenicalsin the Treatment ofLeukaemia -APL 40
2.5 Sourcesof Informationon Arsenic’sMode ofAction,
Biochemical Effects, Carcinogenesis inAnimals and Man,
Metabolismand Analytical Chemistry 40
2.6 Conclusion 46
Acknowledgements 46
Disclaimer 46
Abbreviations 47
References 48
3 BiologicalChemistry of Antimony and Bismuth 53
Nan Yang and Hongzhe Sun
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Biorelevant CoordinationChemistryof AntimonyandBismuth 53
3.3 Antimonyand BismuthCompounds inMedicine 54
3.3.1 AntimonyinMedicine 54
3.3.2 Bismuth inMedicine 55
3.4 Interactionwith Nucleic Acids 56
3.4.1 Interactionof Antimonywith Nucleosides and Nucleotides 56
3.4.2 Interactionof Bismuthwith Nucleosidesand Nucleotides 58
3.5 Interactionwith Amino Acids andPeptides 58
3.5.1 Interactionof Antimonywith Amino Acids and Peptides 58
3.5.2 Interactionof Bismuthwith Amino Acids andPeptides 61
3.6 Interactionwith Proteins and Enzymes 62
3.6.1 Interactionof Antimonywith Proteins andEnzymes 62
3.6.2 Interactionof Bismuthwith Proteinsand Enzymes 68
3.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 77
Acknowledgements 77
References 77
4 Metallomics Research Relatedto Arsenic 83
Hiroki Haraguchi
4.1 Metallomics –IntegratedBiometal Science 83
4.2 Analytical Feasibility of ICP-AES and ICP-MS 85
4.3 ChemicalSpeciationof Trace Elements inBiological Samples 87
4.3.1 Speciationof Arsenic inSalmon Egg Cells 89
4.3.2 Speciationof Arsenic Species inHuman Urine 93
4.3.3 Speciationof Arsenic Species inHuman BloodSerum 96
4.3.4 Arsenic Metabolismin Hamstersand Rats after an
Oral Doseof Arsenite 98
Contents vii
4.3.5 Animal Species Difference inthe Uptake ofDimethylated
Arsenicby Red Blood Cells 103
4.3.6 Speciationand Excretion Patterns ofArsenic Metabolites
inHumanUrine after Ingestionof Edible Seaweed,Hijiki 105
4.4 Summary 109
Acknowledgements 110
References 110
5 Arsenic inTraditional Chinese Medicine 113
Kui Wang, SiwangYu and Tianlan Zhang
5.1 ArsenicBearingMinerals and their Clinical Applications 113
5.1.1 Introduction 113
5.1.2 Arsenoliteand its Clinical Applications inTraditionalChinese
Medicine (TCM) 115
5.1.3 Realgarand Orpiment and their Clinical Applications in TCM 116
5.1.4 Processing ofArsenic Bearing Minerals 117
5.2 Metabolism andPharmacokineticsof Arsenic Bearing Minerals 119
5.2.1 Arsenoliteand ArsenicTrioxide 119
5.2.2 Metabolism andPharmacokineticsof Realgar andOrpiment 121
5.2.3 Nanoparticlesof Realgar 122
5.3 Pharmacological Activitiesand Mechanisms ofActionsof ABMs 122
5.3.1 Mechanisms of AnticancerActionofArsenolite and ATO 122
5.3.2 Mechanisms of AnticancerActionsof Realgar 125
5.3.3 Arsenoliteon AsthmaPrevention 127
5.3.4 Realgaron Brain Protection 128
5.4 Perspectives 128
References 130
6 MicrobialTransformations ofArsenic inAquifers 135
JonathanR. Lloyd
6.1 AnIntroduction tothe Microbial Cyclingof Arsenic 135
6.2 The Biochemistry ofMicrobial Arsenic Transformations 137
6.2.1 Microbial Resistance to As(V) via the Arsenic Operon 137
6.2.2 GainingEnergy from Arsenic: the Dissimilatory Reduction
of As(V) under Anaerobic Conditions 137
6.2.3 Closingthe Arsenic Cycle: the Oxidationof As(III) 138
6.3 MicrobiallyDrivenMobilizationof Arsenic inAquifers:
a Humanitarian Disaster 139
6.3.1 Microbial Ecologyof Arsenic Impacted Aquifers:Hunting
for the Organisms that MobilizeArsenic 140
6.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 141
Acknowledgements 142
References 142
viii Contents
7 Biomethylation ofArsenic, Antimony and Bismuth 145
RichardO. Jenkins
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Biomethylation of Arsenic 147
7.2.1 Microbial Biomethylation ofArsenic 147
7.2.2 Mammalian Biomethylation ofArsenic 150
7.2.3 Arsenic Biomethylation/Demethylation andOrganoarsenic
Compounds inthe Environment 156
7.3 Biomethylation of Antimony 159
7.3.1 OrganoantimonyCompounds inthe Environment 159
7.3.2 AntimonyBiomethylationin Mammals 161
7.3.3 AntimonyBiomethylationand its Relation toSIDS 161
7.3.4 Microbial Biomethylation ofAntimony 162
7.3.5 Biological Mechanism of AntimonyBiomethylation 168
7.3.6 Abiotic Reactionsof ParticularRelevance toAntimony
Biomethylation Studies 169
7.4 Biomethylation of Bismuth 169
7.4.1 Organobismuth Compoundsin the Environment 171
7.4.2 Microbial Biomethylation ofBismuth 171
7.4.3 Biological Mechanism of Bismuth Biomethylation 173
Abbreviations 174
References 175
8 Metalloid Transport Systems 181
Hsueh-Liang Fu, Xuan Jiang and Barry P. Rosen
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 MetalloidUptake Systems 183
8.2.1 Arsenate Uptake Systems 183
8.2.2 Uptake Systems for Arsenite and Antimonite 184
8.2.3 Boron Uptake Systems 191
8.2.4 Uptake Systems for Silicon andGermanium 193
8.3 MetalloidEfflux Systems 195
8.3.1 EukaryoticMRP Efflux Pumps 195
8.3.2 ArsB 196
8.3.3 ArsA 197
8.3.4 Acr3 200
8.3.5 Efflux Systems for Silicon 201
8.3.6 Efflux Systems for Boron 202
8.4 Summary andConclusions 202
Acknowledgements 202
References 203