Table Of ContentANZUS IN CRISIS
Also by Jacob Bercovitch
SOCIAL CONFLICTS AND THIRD PARTIES
MEDIATION IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
(editor with Jeffrey Z. Rubin)
SUPERPOWERS AND CLIENT STATES
(editor with M. Efrat)
ANZUS in Crisis
Alliance Management in
International Affairs
Edited by
Jacob Bercovitch
Senior Lecturer in International Relations
University of Canterbury, New Zealand
Foreword by Robert O'Neill
formerly Director of the International
Institute for Strategic Studies
M
MACMILLAN
PRESS
ISBN 978-1-349-08872-0 ISBN 978-1-349-08870-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-08870-6
© Jacob Bercovitch 1988
Foreword © Robert O'Neill 1988
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1988 978-0-333-42169-7
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First published 1988
Published by
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and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
ANZUS in crisis: alliance management in international affairs.
1. United States - Military relations -
Australia 2. United States - Military relations
- New Zealand 3. Australia - Military
relations - United States 4. Australia -
Military relations - New Zealand 5. New
Zealand - Military relations - Australia
6. New Zealand - Military relations - United
States
I. Bercovitch, Jacob
327' .0917'7 UA870
To my mother, in loving memory
Contents
List of Tables and Figures ix
Foreword by Robert O'Neill xi
Acknowledgements xvii
Notes on the Contributors xviii
PART I
1 Introduction 1
Jacob Bercovitch
2 Alliances in International Relations: Aspects of Performance
and Problems of Management 6
Jacob Bercovitch
3 The Evolution of ANZUS 29
Roderic Alley
PART II
THE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE
4 The ANZUS Alliance and United States Security Interests 55
William T. Tow
5 The ANZUS Crisis: US Policy Impliations and Responses 83
Henry S. Albinski
THE AUSTRALIAN PERSPECTIVE
6 ANZUS Reconsidered: the Domestic Politics of an
Alliance Murray Goot and Peter King 105
7 ANZUS in Australia's Foreign and Security Policies 136
Coral Bell
vii
viii Contents
THE NEW ZEALAND PERSPECTIVE
8 Politics, Public Opinion and International Crisis:
the ANZUS Issue in New Zealand Politics 160
Keith Jackson and Jim Lamare
9 New Zealand's National Interests, Defence Capabilities
and ANZUS 191
Steve Hoadley
PARTID
10 The ANZUS Alliance: Alternative Perspectives and
Priorities Richard Kennaway 217
11 Conclusion 240
Jacob Bercovitch
Appendix 1: The ANZUS Treaty 247
Appendix 2: Ship Visits to New Zealand 250
Index 261
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
2.1 Configuration of alliances membership 14
8.1 1984 and 1987 election results 173
8.2 Change in opinion towards nuclear arms 182
8.3 Beliefs associated with nuclear ships opinion 185
9.1 New Zealand's order of battle 198
Figure
8.1 Trends in public opinion towards nuclear ships 181
ix
Foreword
The ANZUS crisis is salutary for several reasons. The first and most
important of these is that it reminds us of the transitory nature of all
international treaties, agreements, aSSOCIatIOns and other
arrangements, at a time when the world appears to be settling back
into a state ofrenewed polarisation between East and West. We have
seen allies of the Soviet Union, such as China and Egypt, part company
from their erstwhile protector. Now it is the turn of the United States
as protector to suffer the same fate, although in far less a degree.
All those concerned with the management and cohesion of alliances
should draw at least two lessons from these examples; a system of
international security based on balanced confrontation between two
integrated blocs will not endure for ever and thought needs to be
given to a different kind of world order for the longer term; and if
alliances are to be maintained in reasonable working order, there has
to be at their root a perceived coincidence of vital interests amongst
the partners, and alliance policies must serve those interests and not
merely a set dictated by one or more of the larger powers within an
alliance.
Second, the crisis reminds us that national interests and, what is
more important politically, perceptions of national interests, change.
Attempts to strap international associations into a rigid framework
on the basis of the pattern of interests which existed during the early
1950s, when the Cold War was at its height, are doomed to failure.
But changes in perceptions of national interests do not always require
a precipitate action and even where they do, there are likely to be
costs to be suffered for immediate gratification of the desire for
introducing new policies. A third consequence of the crisis has been
that it has breathed fresh life into an old and tired debate between
left and right, in Australia and New Zealand, on basic security policy.
Whether one agrees with Prime Minister David Lange or not, it seems
much more sensible to be discussing the real issues of nuclear co
operation, strategic targeting policies and what precisely alliance
partners are obligated to, than to be caught up in making or refuting
nebulous accusations about American imperialism, the role of the
multinationals, and CIA and KGB influence in Australia and New
Zealand. In the former case there are clear issues and a body of
literature to examine, which will lead, hopefully, to better policies.
xi
